The Business Digitalization Process in SMEs from the Implementation of e-Commerce: An Empirical Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
2.1. Implementation of E-Commerce
2.2. Business Digitalization
2.3. Operational Efficiency
2.4. Corporate Performance
2.5. Hypothesis Development
3. Methods
3.1. Sample and Data Collection
3.2. Measurement Variables
3.3. Statistical and Econometric Procedures
- Structural Model: This represents the theoretical model, illustrating the dependency relationships between independent and dependent variables. It helps in understanding how different variables are interconnected and influence one another.
- Measurement Model: This part demonstrates the relationships between constructs and their respective indicators. It helps ensure that the selected indicators effectively measure the constructs they are intended to represent.
- Loadings Analysis: We examined the loadings of the indicators, which represent the simple correlations between each indicator and its respective construct. These loadings help us understand how well each item measures the intended construct.
- Reliability Analysis: To assess the reliability of our constructs, we utilized various measures, including:
- Cronbach’s Alpha: This statistic assesses the internal consistency of a test or scale. It indicates how closely related the items in a construct are. A higher Cronbach’s alpha suggests greater reliability.
- Composite Reliability: This measure evaluates the reliability of a construct by considering the correlations between its indicators. It provides an insight into the consistency and stability of the construct.
- Dijkstra–Henseler Rho Ratio: This ratio is another indicator of composite reliability, offering an alternative perspective on the internal consistency of a construct.
4. Results
4.1. Measurement Model
4.2. Structural Model: Direct Effects
4.3. Structural Model: Mediating Effects
4.4. Structural Model: Moderating Effects
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Industry | Total | Micro Size | Small Size | Medium Size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Primary Sector | 132 | 3.20% | 52 | 2.28% | 31 | 2.96% | 49 | 6.23% |
Extractive Industries | 67 | 1.63% | 7 | 0.31% | 12 | 1.14% | 48 | 6.10% |
Manufacturing Industries | 855 | 20.75% | 395 | 17.29% | 209 | 19.92% | 251 | 31.89% |
Energy, Water, Recycling | 44 | 1.07% | 22 | 0.96% | 11 | 1.05% | 11 | 1.40% |
Construction | 126 | 3.06% | 41 | 1.79% | 43 | 4.10% | 42 | 5.34% |
Trade | 668 | 16.21% | 460 | 20.13% | 132 | 12.58% | 76 | 9.66% |
Services | 1630 | 39.55% | 915 | 40.04% | 468 | 44.61% | 247 | 31.39% |
Other Activities | 599 | 14.54% | 393 | 17.20% | 143 | 13.63% | 63 | 8.01% |
TOTAL | 4121 | 100% | 2285 | 100% | 1049 | 100% | 787 | 100% |
Implementation of e-Commerce | |
What technologies do you use in your company and how important are they? Please indicate the degree of importance for your company on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 is not very important to 5 very important [13,83,84,85,86,87]: | |
EC_001 | Own website |
EC_002 | We make sales on our own e-commerce portal |
EC_003 | E-commerce in Marketplace (Amazon or equivalent) |
EC_004 | Social networks for commercial purposes |
EC_005 | Big data and data analysis software |
Business Digitalization | |
Indicate the degree of agreement or disagreement on a scale of 1 to 5 on the following aspects related to the digitalization strategy [29,87,88]: | |
BD_001 | We are well aware of the possibilities and advantages of digitalization |
BD_002 | We allocate significant resources to digitize the business |
BD_003 | The business model is evaluated and updated in terms of digitalization |
BD_004 | Our employees are prepared for the digital development of the company |
BD_005 | Our managers are well trained in digitalization |
BD_006 | The degree of process automation is high in my company |
BD_007 | We use digitalization in the organizational management of the company |
BD_008 | Our company regularly organizes training for digital transformation |
Operational Efficiency | |
In comparison with your direct competitors, indicate where your company stands on the following performance indicators [89,90,91,92,93,94,95]: | |
OE_001 | Quality of your products |
OE_002 | The efficiency of production processes |
OE_003 | Changes or improvements in existing products/services |
OE_004 | Changes or improvements in production processes |
Corporate Performance | |
In comparison with your direct competitors, indicate where your company stands on the following performance indicators [96,97,98,99]: | |
CP_001 | Customer satisfaction |
CP_002 | Speed of sales growth |
CP_003 | Profitability |
CP_004 | Employee satisfaction |
CP_005 | Level of absenteeism |
Composite Indicators | Mean | SD | Loading | t-Student | α | ρA | ρC | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Implementation of E-commerce | 0.808 | 0.813 | 0.867 | 0.569 | ||||
EC_001 | 2.616 | 2.062 | 0.810 | 130.086 | ||||
EC_002 | 2.049 | 1.962 | 0.842 | 153.669 | ||||
EC_003 | 1.787 | 1.927 | 0.724 | 69.308 | ||||
EC_004 | 3.278 | 1.828 | 0.667 | 64.945 | ||||
EC_005 | 1.779 | 1.907 | 0.713 | 75.144 | ||||
Business Digitalization | 0.939 | 0.940 | 0.949 | 0.702 | ||||
BD_001 | 3.654 | 1.249 | 0.695 | 71.181 | ||||
BD_002 | 3.109 | 1.358 | 0.851 | 150.978 | ||||
BD_003 | 3.008 | 1.369 | 0.857 | 174.739 | ||||
BD_004 | 3.145 | 1.304 | 0.847 | 145.059 | ||||
BD_005 | 3.305 | 1.317 | 0.852 | 159.828 | ||||
BD_006 | 2.922 | 1.314 | 0.847 | 147.708 | ||||
BD_007 | 3.024 | 1.334 | 0.877 | 202.844 | ||||
BD_008 | 2.961 | 1.363 | 0.864 | 173.057 | ||||
Operational Efficiency | 0.774 | 0.778 | 0.854 | 0.595 | ||||
OE_001 | 4.211 | 0.927 | 0.791 | 104.048 | ||||
OE_002 | 4.061 | 0.924 | 0.772 | 98.517 | ||||
OE_003 | 3.638 | 1.554 | 0.775 | 83.675 | ||||
OE_004 | 3.454 | 1.585 | 0.746 | 72.133 | ||||
Corporate Performance | 0.813 | 0.830 | 0.870 | 0.574 | ||||
CP_001 | 4.324 | 0.863 | 0.784 | 104.917 | ||||
CP_002 | 3.967 | 0.971 | 0.811 | 113.763 | ||||
CP_003 | 3.980 | 0.931 | 0.795 | 93.947 | ||||
CP_004 | 4.173 | 0.897 | 0.777 | 83.718 | ||||
CP_005 | 3.719 | 1.146 | 0.601 | 41.823 |
I | II | III | IV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Business Digitalization | 0.838 | 0.358 | 0.729 | 0.499 |
II | Corporate Performance | 0.302 | 0.758 | 0.301 | 0.830 |
III | Implementation of E-commerce | 0.644 | 0.236 | 0.754 | 0.409 |
IV | Operational Efficiency | 0.415 | 0.684 | 0.322 | 0.771 |
I | II | III | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Business Digitalization | 1.934 | 1.709 | |
II | Implementation of E-commerce | 1.000 | 1.771 | 1.709 |
III | Operational Efficiency | 1.412 |
CI | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path | SD | T-Value | f2 | 5% | 95% | H | Supported | ||
Direct effects | |||||||||
Impl. Of E-commerce > Business Digitalization | 0.644 | 0.010 | 65.752 *** | 0.709 | 0.628 | 0.660 | H1a | YES | |
Impl. Of E-commerce > Operational Efficiency | 0.094 | 0.019 | 4.988 *** | 0.006 | 0.064 | 0.125 | H1b | YES | |
Impl. Of E-commerce > Corporate Performance | −0.012 | 0.015 | 0.797 | 0.000 | −0.037 | 0.013 | H1c | NO | |
Business Digitalization > Corporate Performance | 0.032 | 0.018 | 1.808 * | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.061 | H2a | YES | |
Business Digitalization > Operational Efficiency | 0.354 | 0.020 | 17.927 *** | 0.089 | 0.322 | 0.386 | H3a | YES | |
Operational Efficiency > Corporate Performance | 0.687 | 0.013 | 6.302 *** | 0.634 | 0.664 | 0.705 | H3c | YES | |
Indirect effects | VAF | ||||||||
Individual indirect effects | |||||||||
Impl. Of E-commerce > Business Digitalization > Corporate Performance | 0.021 | 0.011 | 1.806 * | 0.002 | 0.039 | 9.17% | H2b | YES | |
Impl. Of E-commerce > Business Digitalization > Operational Efficiency | 0.228 | 0.014 | 16.786 *** | 0.206 | 0.250 | 70.81% | H3b | YES | |
Business Digitalization > Operational Efficiency > Corporate Performance | 0.242 | 0.015 | 16.654 *** | 0.219 | 0.267 | 88.32% | H3d | YES | |
Impl. Of E-commerce > Operational Efficiency > Corporate Performance | 0.064 | 0.013 | 4.961 *** | 0.043 | 0.086 | 27.95% | H3e | YES | |
Impl. Of E-commerce > Business Digitalization > Operational Efficiency > Corporate Performance | 0.156 | 0.010 | 15.730 *** | 0.140 | 0.173 | 68.12% | H3f | YES | |
Moderating effects | |||||||||
Business Digitalization × Impl. Of E-commerce > Corporate Performance | 0.083 | 0.013 | 6.302 *** | 0.061 | 0.105 | ||||
Business Digitalization × Operational Efficiency > Corporate Performance | 0.023 | 0.016 | 1.444 | −0.003 | 0.051 | ||||
Global indirect effects | VAF | ||||||||
Business Digitalization > Corporate Performance | 0.242 | 0.015 | 16.654 *** | 0.219 | 0.267 | 88.32% | |||
Impl. Of E-commerce > Corporate Performance | 0.241 | 0.014 | 17.265 *** | 0.218 | 0.264 | 100.00% | |||
Impl. Of E-commerce > Operational Efficiency | 0.228 | 0.014 | 16.786 *** | 0.206 | 0.250 | 70.81% | |||
Total effect | |||||||||
Business Digitalization > Corporate Performance | 0.274 | 0.022 | 12.734 *** | 0.239 | 0.309 | ||||
Impl. Of E-commerce > Corporate Performance | 0.229 | 0.016 | 14.443 *** | 0.203 | 0.255 | ||||
Impl. Of E-commerce > Operational Efficiency | 0.322 | 0.014 | 22.520 *** | 0.299 | 0.346 | ||||
Operational Efficiency > Corporate Performance | 0.684 | 0.013 | 5me05 *** | 0.664 | 0.705 |
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Santos-Jaén, J.M.; Gimeno-Arias, F.; León-Gómez, A.; Palacios-Manzano, M. The Business Digitalization Process in SMEs from the Implementation of e-Commerce: An Empirical Analysis. J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2023, 18, 1700-1720. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer18040086
Santos-Jaén JM, Gimeno-Arias F, León-Gómez A, Palacios-Manzano M. The Business Digitalization Process in SMEs from the Implementation of e-Commerce: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research. 2023; 18(4):1700-1720. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer18040086
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos-Jaén, José Manuel, Fernando Gimeno-Arias, Ana León-Gómez, and Mercedes Palacios-Manzano. 2023. "The Business Digitalization Process in SMEs from the Implementation of e-Commerce: An Empirical Analysis" Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 18, no. 4: 1700-1720. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer18040086