By Improving Regional Cortical Blood Flow, Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sequential Apoptosis Galangin Acts as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent after Acute Ischemic Stroke
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Neurological Defects
2.2. Cerebral Infarct Size
2.3. Regional Cortical Blood Perfusion
2.4. Measurement of Mitochondrial Function
2.5. Measurement of Mitochondrial Swelling
Group | Dose (mg·kg−1) | n | Swelling/A520 (Slope absolute value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
15 min prior to MCAO | 6 h after MCAO | |||
Sham | - | 10 | 0.053 ± 0.012 | 0.035 ± 0.067 |
Vehicle | - | 10 | 0.402 ± 0.008 ## | 0.476 ± 0.011 ## |
EGb761 | 4 | 10 | 0.093 ± 0.014 ** | 0.064 ± 0.007 ** |
Galangin | 25 | 10 | 0.389 ± 0.021 ** | 0.355 ± 0.010 ** |
Galangin | 50 | 10 | 0.187 ± 0.010 ** | 0.167 ± 0.008 ** |
Galangin | 100 | 10 | 0.093 ± 0.008 ** | 0.089 ± 0.013 ** |
2.6. Mitochondrial Membrane Fluidity Measurement
2.7. The Effect of Galangin on Mitochondria Transmembrane Potential after MCAO
2.7.1. Determination with Rhodamine 123
2.7.2. Determination by the JC-1 Method
2.8. Effects of Galangin on Mitochondrial ROS Levels
2.9. Evaluation of the Anti-Apoptotic Effect
2.9.1. Modulation of Bcl-2 and Bax Expression
2.9.2. Modulation of Activated Caspase-3 and PARP Expression
2.9.3. Modulation of Cytochome c Expression
2.10. Discussion
3. Experimental
3.1. Animals
3.2. Chemicals and Reagents
3.3. Animal Models and Experimental Protocol
3.4. Assessment of Neurological Defects
3.5. Cerebral Infarct Size
3.6. Regional Cortical Blood Perfusion
3.7. Preparation of Rat Brain Mitochondria
3.8. Measurement of Mitochondrial Viability
3.9. Measurement of Mitochondrial Swelling
3.10. Measurement of Mitochondrial Membrane fluidity
3.11. Measurement of Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential (Δψm)
3.11.1. Rhodamine 123 Method
3.11.2. JC-1 Method
3.12. Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production in Mitochondria
3.13. Western Blot of Apoptosis Related Proteins
3.13.1. Cortex Proteins
3.13.2. Mitochondrial Proteins
3.14. Statistical Analyses
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds galangin are available from the authors.
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Li, S.; Wu, C.; Zhu, L.; Gao, J.; Fang, J.; Li, D.; Fu, M.; Liang, R.; Wang, L.; Cheng, M.; et al. By Improving Regional Cortical Blood Flow, Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sequential Apoptosis Galangin Acts as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Molecules 2012, 17, 13403-13423. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171113403
Li S, Wu C, Zhu L, Gao J, Fang J, Li D, Fu M, Liang R, Wang L, Cheng M, et al. By Improving Regional Cortical Blood Flow, Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sequential Apoptosis Galangin Acts as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Molecules. 2012; 17(11):13403-13423. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171113403
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Shao**g, Chuanhong Wu, Li Zhu, Jian Gao, **g Fang, Defeng Li, Meihong Fu, Rixin Liang, Lan Wang, Ming Cheng, and et al. 2012. "By Improving Regional Cortical Blood Flow, Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sequential Apoptosis Galangin Acts as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent after Acute Ischemic Stroke" Molecules 17, no. 11: 13403-13423. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171113403