Antidepressant Potential of Chlorogenic Acid-Enriched Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Bark with Neuron Protection and Promotion of Serotonin Release through Enhancing Synapsin I Expression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. CGA Promotes the Cell Growth of Fetal Rat Raphe Neurons in Vitro
2.2. Effect of CGA on 5-HT Release in the Cells of Fetal Rat Raphe Neurons in Vitro
2.3. CGA Enhances the Expression of Synapsin I of the Cells of Fetal Rat Raphe Neurons in Vitro
2.4. EUWE Shows Antidepressant-like Effect in the Tail Suspension Test of KM Mice in Vivo
2.5. Qualitative Analysis of CGA in the CSF of the Rats Treated with CGA-Enriched Water Extract of E. ulmoides
2.6. Quantitative Measurement of CGA in the CSF of Rat
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Materials
4.2. Plant Material and Extraction
4.3. Animals and Sample Collection
4.4. Cell Culture and Treatment
4.5. Neurotransmitter Detection
4.6. Immunofluorescence Staining
4.7. Western Blot Analysis
4.8. Tail Suspension Test of Mice
4.9. UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
E. ulmoides | Eucommia ulmoides Oliver |
TCM | Traditional Chinese Medicine |
CGA | Chlorogenic acid |
BLB | Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier |
BBB | Blood-brain barrier |
Cort | Corticosterone |
5-HT | 5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin |
ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
EUWE | Water extract of E. ulmoides |
FLX | Fluoxetine |
TSN | Toosendanin |
RSD | Relative standard deviation |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
MAPK | Mitogen-associated protein kinase |
PKA | Protein kinase A |
CaMK | Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase |
UHPLC | Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium |
FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
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Wu, J.; Chen, H.; Li, H.; Tang, Y.; Yang, L.; Cao, S.; Qin, D. Antidepressant Potential of Chlorogenic Acid-Enriched Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Bark with Neuron Protection and Promotion of Serotonin Release through Enhancing Synapsin I Expression. Molecules 2016, 21, 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21030260
Wu J, Chen H, Li H, Tang Y, Yang L, Cao S, Qin D. Antidepressant Potential of Chlorogenic Acid-Enriched Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Bark with Neuron Protection and Promotion of Serotonin Release through Enhancing Synapsin I Expression. Molecules. 2016; 21(3):260. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21030260
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Jianming, Haixia Chen, Hua Li, Yong Tang, Le Yang, Shousong Cao, and Dalian Qin. 2016. "Antidepressant Potential of Chlorogenic Acid-Enriched Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Bark with Neuron Protection and Promotion of Serotonin Release through Enhancing Synapsin I Expression" Molecules 21, no. 3: 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21030260