Mushrooms of the Genus Ganoderma Used to Treat Diabetes and Insulin Resistance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hypoglicemic Activity of Ganoderma Extracts
3. Polysaccharides Isolated from Ganoderma Species
3.1. Polysaccharides Isolated from G. lucidum
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Extract | Experimental Model | Dose | Concentration of Glucose | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G. lucidum | Water extract of powder of the capsules of G. lucidum contains 95% Ganoderma extract (obtained from the whole fruit body) and 5% dextrin. | C57BL/KsJ mice (female; 6 months old) (normal mice) | 0 g/kg | 168.5 mg/dL | [22] |
0.003 g/kg | 161.6 mg/dL | ||||
0.03 g/kg | 126.5 mg/dL | ||||
0.3 g/kg | 68.5 mg/dL | ||||
C57BL/KsJ mice (female; 6 months old) (diabetic mice) | 0 g/kg | 668.5 mg/dL | |||
0.003 g/kg | 645.9 mg/dL | ||||
0.03 g/kg | 441.5 mg/dL | ||||
0.3 g/kg | 288,4 mg/dL | ||||
G. lucidum | Ethanol extract of powdered fruiting bodies | white rats (Rattus norvegicus) derived from Wistar line, male, 2–3 weeks old | 0 mg/kg | 435.75 mg/dL | [23] |
250 mg/kg | 312.00 mg/dL | ||||
0 mg/kg | 311.00 mg/dL | ||||
500 mg/kg | 203.50 mg/dL | ||||
0 mg/kg | 384.25 mg/dL | ||||
1000 mg/kg | 140.50 mg/dL | ||||
G. lucidum | Water extract of fruiting bodies | male Wistar rats weighing 85 – 100 g, normal rats | 0 mg/kg | 90 mg/dL | [24] |
100 mg/kg | 60 mg/dL | ||||
200 mg/kg | 45 mg/dL | ||||
male Wistar rats weighing 85 – 100 g, diabetic rats | 0 mg/kg | 200 mg/dL | |||
100 mg/kg | 150 mg/dL | ||||
200 mg/kg | 90 mg/dL | ||||
G. lucidum | Methanol extract of fruiting bodies | Long-Evans male rats (4 weeks age, weight 83.5 g), induced with alloxan | 0 mg/kg | 14.5 mg/dL | [25] |
200 mg/kg | 12.5 mg/dL | ||||
400 mg/kg | 12 mg/dL | ||||
600 mg/kg | 10 mg/dL | ||||
800 mg/kg | 10 mg/dL | ||||
Petroleum ether extract of fruiting bodies | 0 mg/kg | 14.5 mg/dL | |||
200 mg/kg | 10 mg/dL | ||||
400 mg/kg | 9.5 mg/dL | ||||
600 mg/kg | 7 mg/dL | ||||
800 mg/kg | 7 mg/dL | ||||
Methanol extract of fruiting bodies | Long-Evans male rats (4 weeks age, weight 83.5 g), induced with corticosteroid | 0 mg/kg | 17.5 mg/dL | ||
200 mg/kg | 14 mg/dL | ||||
400 mg/kg | 12.5 mg/dL | ||||
600 mg/kg | 10 mg/dL | ||||
800 mg/kg | 9.5 mg/dL | ||||
Petroleum ether extract of fruiting bodies | 0 mg/kg | 17.5 mg/dL | |||
200 mg/kg | 10 mg/dL | ||||
400 mg/kg | 7.5 mg/dL | ||||
600 mg/kg | 5 mg/dL | ||||
800 mg/kg | 4.8 mg/dL | ||||
G. lucidum | Water extract of fruiting bodies (80%) and alcohol extract of fruiting bodies (20%) | Male Wistar rats aged four weeks and weighing 250 to 300 g | 0 mL/kg | 456 mg/dL | [26] |
1 mL/kg | 265 mg/dL |
Polysaccharide | Tissue | Enzyme | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Hot water extract | liver | glycogen phosphorylase (GP) ↓ | [27] |
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) ↓ | |||
glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) ↓ | |||
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) ↓ | [27,28] | ||
glycogen synthase (GS) ↓ | [28] | ||
manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) ↓ | [29] | ||
serum | glutathione peroxidase (GPx) ↓ | ||
p66Shc ↓ | |||
pancreatic islet | nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) ↓ | [30] | |
insulin promoter factor 1 (PDX-1) ↓ | [31,32] | ||
Bax ↓ | |||
calcium-insensitive nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) ↓ | |||
caspase 3 (Casp-3) ↓ | |||
F31 | liver | AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) ↓ | [1,33,34] |
ganoderan B | liver | glucokinase (GCK) ↑ | [35] |
Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) ↑ | |||
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) ↑ | |||
glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) ↓ | |||
glycogen synthase (GS) ↓ | |||
FYGL | skeletal muscle | tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) ↓ | [36] |
PSG-1 (G. atrum) | pancreatic cells | Bax ↓ | [37] |
Bcl-2 ↑ | |||
endothelium | phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) ↑ | [38] | |
phospho-Akt (p-Akt) ↑ | |||
nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) ↑ |
Species | Terpenoids | Enzyme | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
G. lucidum | ganoderic acid C2 (1), ganoderenic acid A (2) ganoderic acid Df (3) | aldose reductase (AR) ↓ | [3,16,32,51] |
G. lucidum | ganoderol B (4) | α-glucosidase (AGS) ↓ | [52,53] |
G. lingzhi | 3,12,20-trihydroxy-7,11,15-trioxolanost-8,16,24- -trien-26-oic acid,ethanolic extract of G. lingzhi | [54,55] | |
G. leucocontexum | ganoderone A (5), ganoleuconin E, M, N, P, (6–9) | [56] | |
G. leucocontexum | ganoleuconin A (10), C (11), F (12), J (13), K (14),L (15), M (7), N (8), ganoderiol J (16) | HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) ↓ | [56] |
G. leucocontextum | ganoleucin D (20), spiroapplanatumine L (22) (±)-spirolingzhine A (23, 24) spirolingzhine D (25) | aldose reductase ↓ | [57] |
ganoleucin D (20) | HMG-CoA reductase ↓ | ||
ganomycin I (26) | [58] |
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