Polymeric Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization, Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods for Production of Polymeric Nanoparticles
2.1. Solvent Evaporation
2.2. Emulsification/Solvent Diffusion
2.3. Emulsification/Reverse Salting-Out
2.4. Nanoprecipitation
3. Characterization of Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.1. Morphology
3.2. Particle Size Distribution
3.3. Chemical Composition and Crystal Structure
3.4. Molar Mass Distribution of the Polymer
3.5. Surface Area and Chemistry
3.6. Zeta Potential
3.7. pH of Suspensions
3.8. Stability of Polymeric NPs Suspensions
3.9. Determination of the Drug Association
3.10. Pharmaceutical In Vitro Release Kinetics
4. From Ecotoxicology to Nanoecotoxicology
4.1. Challenges in Nanoecotoxicology Research
- (i)
- The choice of nanoparticles for use in biological experiments and tests. It is necessary to determine the physicochemical properties, the capacity for aggregation and sedimentation, among other characteristics to identify the nanoparticles before, during and after the experiments;
- (ii)
- The need to examine the pathway for the capture of synthetic nanoparticles by organisms in different environments (important for the behavior of synthetic nanoparticles in the food chain);
- (iii)
- The set of organisms that can be used in experiments and measurement points that can be used.
4.2. Monitoring of Nanoparticles’ Toxicity
- Sample treatment—A sampling of nanoparticle formulation and the laboratory procedures may change state of dispersion. Due to the unavailability of sufficiently sensitive portable equipment, it is not possible to identify fluctuations in situ [67].
- Separation of nanoparticles—It is often required to submit the samples to pre-fractionation by centrifugation or filtration in order to remove unwanted particles [109]. Centrifugation is a more efficient method for denser particles, while microfiltration is widely used due to its simplicity. Nanoparticles are deposited on a membrane by collision or by electrostatic attraction. Field flow fractionation may also be used to separate particles according to their size in relation to their diffusion coefficient. Size exclusion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are other effective methods for separating and purifying nanoparticles according to their size [110].
5. In Vitro and Vivo Toxicological Studies
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Polymers | Formulated Drug/Bioactive | Type of Polymeric Nanoparticles/Method | Applications Purpose | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCL, PLA, PLGA | Coumarin-6 (C-6) | nanospheres; C-6-loaded polymeric core-shell NPs (polymeric core-multilayer polyelectrolyte shell NPs), obtained by prepared by the spontaneous emulsification solvent evaporation method | drug delivery, theranostics, or bioimaging | [9] |
PLGA | Rapamycin | nanospheres; Rapamycin-loaded polysorbate 80-coated PLGA NPs | anti-glioma activity | [10] |
AcDex | Hyperforin | nanospheres; Hyperforin-loaded AcDex-based NPs formulated via single emulsion/solvent evaporationusing ethyl acetate and water | anti-inflammatory activity | [11] |
PLGA | Fenofibrate (Feno) | nanospheres; PLGA-Feno NPs | diabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ocular neovascularization) | [12] |
biopolymer of PCL | Amphotericin B (Amp B) | nanocapsules; PCL-NCs loaded with Amp B, obtained by nanoprecipitation method | anti-leishmanial (Leishmania infections), anti-fungal | [13] |
anionic copolymers based on methacrylic acic and methyl methacrylate (Eudragit L 100) | Fenofibrate (FF) | nanocapsules; FF-loaded-Eudragit L 100 NCs, obtained by nanoprecipitation method | undefined oral delivery | [14] |
PLGA, PCL | Ciprofloxacin | nanocapsules; ciprofloxacin-loaded PLGA NCs, obtained by nanoprecipitation method | in situ tissue regeneration and accelerated healing, anti-inflammatory activity | [15] |
PLGA | Curcumin (Cur) | nanocapsules; Cur-loaded PLGA NCs | antibacterial activity, pancreatic cancer | [16,17] |
F108: PEG-PPG-PEG | Curcumin (Cur) | colloidal nanocapsules; Cur-loaded PEG-PPG-PEG NCs | anticancer | [18] |
PEG | Pegademase bovine | colloidal nanocapsules; Pegademase bovine-loaded PEG NCs | severe combined immunodeficiency disease | [17,19] |
PCL-PEG-PCL | Paclitaxel (PTX) | nanocapsules; PTX-loaded PCL-PEG-PCL NCs | lung cancers in combinationwith chrono-modulatedchemotherapy | [20] |
PLGA-PEG | Paclitaxel (PTX) | nanocapsules; PTX-loaded PLGA-PEG NCs | breast, pancreatic andovarian and brain cancers | [20] |
Eudragit® RS100, Eudragit® L100-55, Eudragit® EPO, PCL, polylactide, PLGA | Essential Oils | EO based-nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method | antioxidant/antimicrobial | [21] |
PCL | Cymbopogon martini Roxb. (Palmarosa oil) | nanocapsules; Palmarosa oil-loaded PCL NCs | antioxidant, antimicrobial | [22] |
Eudragit® L100-55 | Thymus vulgaris L. (Thyme oil) | nanocapsules; Thyme oil-loaded Eudragit® L100-55 NCs | antioxidant | [23] |
Eudragit® RS100 | Citrus bergamia Risso. (Bergamot oil) | nanocapsules; Bergamot oi-loaded Eudragit® RS100 NCs | antimicrobial | [24] |
Eudragit® RS100 | Citrus sinensisL. (Orange oil) | nanocapsules; Orange oil-loaded Eudragit® RS100 | antimicrobial | [24] |
Eudragit® EPO | Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary oil) | nanocapsules; Rosemary oil-loaded Eudragit® EPO NCs | antioxidant | [25] |
Eudragit® EPO | Lavandula dentata L. (Lavender oil) | nanocapsules; Lavender oil-loaded Eudragit® EPO NCs | antioxidant | [25] |
PCL | Geraniol | nanocapsules; Geraniol-loaded PCL NCs | antioxidant, antimicrobial | [22] |
Polymeric Nanoparticles | Production Methods |
---|---|
Nanospheres | Solvent evaporation Emulsification/solvent diffusion Nanoprecipitation Emulsification/reverse salting-out |
Nanocapsules | Nanoprecipitation |
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Zielińska, A.; Carreiró, F.; Oliveira, A.M.; Neves, A.; Pires, B.; Venkatesh, D.N.; Durazzo, A.; Lucarini, M.; Eder, P.; Silva, A.M.; et al. Polymeric Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization, Toxicology and Ecotoxicology. Molecules 2020, 25, 3731. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163731
Zielińska A, Carreiró F, Oliveira AM, Neves A, Pires B, Venkatesh DN, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Eder P, Silva AM, et al. Polymeric Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization, Toxicology and Ecotoxicology. Molecules. 2020; 25(16):3731. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163731
Chicago/Turabian StyleZielińska, Aleksandra, Filipa Carreiró, Ana M. Oliveira, Andreia Neves, Bárbara Pires, D. Nagasamy Venkatesh, Alessandra Durazzo, Massimo Lucarini, Piotr Eder, Amélia M. Silva, and et al. 2020. "Polymeric Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization, Toxicology and Ecotoxicology" Molecules 25, no. 16: 3731. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163731