Flavonoids and Related Members of the Aromatic Polyketide Group in Human Health and Disease: Do They Really Work?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Flavonoids and Stilbenes
2.1. Role in Plants
2.2. Roles in Humans
2.2.1. Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids and Stilbenes
2.2.2. Health Benefits of Common Dietary Flavonoids and Stilbenes via Non-Antioxidant Mechanisms
3. Aromatic Polyketides with More Restricted Distribution
3.1. Synthetic Flavonoids
3.2. Stilbenes
3.3. Styrylpyrones and Diarylheptanoids
3.4. Flavonolignans
3.5. Isoflavonoids
4. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Common Sources |
---|---|
apigenin | Vegetables of the Apiaceae family, such as parsley and celery |
luteolin | |
kaempferol | Fruits (apples, cherries, berries), brassicaceous vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage), amaryllidaceous plants (onions, leeks), beverages (tea, red wine) |
quercetin | |
myricetin | |
rutin | |
catechin | Green tea, cocoa, chocolate, alcoholic beverages (red wine), some fruits (apples) |
epicatechin | |
epigallocatechin gallate | |
theaflavin | Black tea |
cyanidin | Fruits and beverages (berries, cherries, grapes, red wine) |
pelargonidin | |
hesperidin | Citrus fruits (lemons, oranges, grapefruits), grapes and some vegetables (e.g., tomatoes) |
neohesperidin | |
naringenin | |
naringin | |
taxifolin |
Group/Compound | Source |
---|---|
Stilbenes | |
resveratrol | Grapes (Vitis vinifera; Vitaceae), cherries (various Prunus species; Rosaceae), groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea; Fabaceae), Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica; Polygonaceae) |
combretastatin A-4 | Eastern Cape South African bushwillow tree (Combretum caffrum; Combretaceae) |
Styrylpyrones | |
kavalactones | Kava kava (Piper methysticum; Piperaceae) |
Diarylheptanoids | |
curcumin | Turmeric (Curcuma longa; Zingiberaceae) |
gingerols | Ginger (Zingiber officinale; Zingiberaceae) |
shogaols | |
Flavonolignans | |
Silymarin | Milk thistle (Silybum marianum; Asteraceae) |
Isoflavonoids | |
daidzein | Leguminous plants (such as soybean, Glycine max; Fabaceae) |
genistein | |
coumestrol | Lucerne and clovers (Medicago sativa and Trifolium spp; Fabaceae) |
medicarpin | Lucerne |
vestitol | |
pisatin | Pea (Pisum sativum; Fabaceae) |
rotenoids (e.g., rotenone, degueline) | Various Derris and Deguelia species (Fabaceae) |
Compound | Condition at Which It Might Be Particularly Helpful a | Doses at Which It Was Tested (mg/kg Body Weight)/Type of Study | Doses at Which It Showed Toxic Effects (mg/kg Body Weight; Oral Doses in Animals) b | Daily Doses Recommended by the Dietary Supplement Retailer (mg/kg Body Weight) c | Is There Clinical Evidence That It Has, or Will Have, Therapeutic Benefit in Humans? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
quercetin | cancer | 1.6–4000/animal studies up to 14.3 c/human studies | 159 | 0.3–7.1 | Some i [27] |
kaempferol | cancer | 1–200/animal studies | 1000 | 1.4–5.7 | Very limited [81] |
taxifolin | cancer | ~ 50 mg/animal studies | 985–1200 IP d | 0.14–0.2 | No |
naringenin/ naringin | CVD | 5–200 mg/animal studies 2.9 c/human studies | 0.2 | Very limited [82] | |
apigenin | AD, cancer | 7.5–50/animal studies | Data not available | 0.7 | No good data [43] |
luteolin | cancer, inflammatory conditions | 10–100/animal studies | >2500–5000 | 1.4–4.3 | No [83] |
myricetin | inflammatory conditions, diabetes | 50–500/animal studies | 1000 IP d | 1.4 | Limited for humans [46] |
catechin e | CVD | 50–2000/animal studies 1.4–7.1 c/human studies | >10,000 | 0.7–8.6 | Some i [84] |
epicatechin e | 1000 | ||||
epigallocatechin gallate e | 2170 | ||||
theaflavin f | CVD and cancer | 250–3000/animal studies 1.4–7.1 c/human studies | 562 IP d | 0.7–1.4 | Limited [66] |
anthocyanins | diabetes | 10–2000/animal studies 0.3–16.4 c/human studies | Data not available | 0.02–1.4 | Limited [85] |
pycnogenol® g | venous insufficiency | 10–40/animal studies 2.1–5.1 c/human studies | 2000–4000 | 0.3–1.4 | Limited [59] |
rutin | venous insufficiency | 10–150/animal studies 7.1 c/human studies | 2000 IPd | usually 7.1 | Some i [71] |
daflon h | venous insufficiency | 7.1–14.2 c/human studies | >10,000 for diosmetin 1000 IP d for hesperidin | 7.1–14.2 | Some i [74] |
Compound | Medicinal Application a | Mode of Action | Dose and Mode of Application a | Is There Clinical Evidence That It Has, or Will Have, Therapeutic Benefit in Humans? a | Comment a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
flavopiridol | cancer | cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor | 60–100 mg mg/m2 IV | Yes [160] | Replaced by more efficient agents |
resveratrol | inflammatory conditions, CVD, cancer | remains to be established | 1.4–4.2 mg/kg bw b orally in the form of dietary supplements | Not enough data [92,100] | Still not accepted as a medicinal agent |
combretastatin A-4 posphate | cancer | vascular disrupting agent; mitotic poison | 5–120 mg/m2 IV | Yes [161] | Still in clinical development |
kava and kavalactones | anxiolytic | interaction with GABA, glutamate, dopamine, serotonin and cannabinoid systems | 1–3.5 mg/kg bw b of kavalactones orally in the form of standardized kava root extract | Yes [116] | Due to severe hepatotoxicity no longer marketed in many countries |
curcumin | inflammatory conditions, cancer | remains to be established | 7.14–14.2 mg/kg bw b of turmeric extract orally in the form of dietary supplements | Despite large number of clinical trials, no evidence have been observed as of yet [127] | There are few reports of deaths after administration of IV curcumin |
gingerols and shogaols | kinetosis, migraine, headache, rheumatism | presumably via interaction with serotonin receptors | 3.5–14.2 mg/kg bw b of ginger powder orally | Limited data in humans [132] | Ginger contains other compounds which may also contribute to observed effects |
silymarin | liver damage and injury | inhibition of toxin absorption | 2–10.2 mg/kg bw b of silymarin orally in the form of standardized Silybum seed extract 20 mg/kg bw b IV c | Yes, e.g., IV form of silymarinc is used clinically in treatment of mushroom poisoning. Oral products (e.g Silybum infusions) seems to have low effectivity [138] | Orally active derivatives would perhaps expand the therapeutic applicability |
daidzein/genistein | menopause symptoms | interaction with oestrogen receptors | 0.05 - 0.7 mg/kg bw b of isoflavonoids orally in the form of standardized soy extracts | Conflicting results are observed, more studies are required [144] | Oestrogens are planar molecules, whereas isoflavonoids not–this feature may impede their interaction with oestrogenic receptors |
phenoxodiol | cancer | inhibition of NADH oxidase | up to 27 mg/kg bw b IV | Yes [162] | More efficient agents are in clinical development |
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Tauchen, J.; Huml, L.; Rimpelova, S.; Jurášek, M. Flavonoids and Related Members of the Aromatic Polyketide Group in Human Health and Disease: Do They Really Work? Molecules 2020, 25, 3846. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173846
Tauchen J, Huml L, Rimpelova S, Jurášek M. Flavonoids and Related Members of the Aromatic Polyketide Group in Human Health and Disease: Do They Really Work? Molecules. 2020; 25(17):3846. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173846
Chicago/Turabian StyleTauchen, Jan, Lukáš Huml, Silvie Rimpelova, and Michal Jurášek. 2020. "Flavonoids and Related Members of the Aromatic Polyketide Group in Human Health and Disease: Do They Really Work?" Molecules 25, no. 17: 3846. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173846