Heart Failure and PAHs, OHPAHs, and Trace Elements Levels in Human Serum: Results from a Preliminary Pilot Study in Greek Population and the Possible Impact of Air Pollution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Cases and Controls
2.1.1. PAHs
2.1.2. OHPAHs
2.1.3. Trace Elements
2.2. Cases with Different Smoking Habits and Residence Areas
2.2.1. Sex
2.2.2. Smoking Habit
2.2.3. Area of Residence
2.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
2.4. Strengths and Weaknesses
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Blood Sampling and Pretreatment
3.3. PAHs and OHPAHs Analysis and Quality Control
3.4. Trace Elements’ Analysis and Quality Control
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Cases | Controls | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variance % | 18.2 | 10.5 | 8.3 | 15.0 | 12.0 | 8.8 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
PHE | 0.873 | −0.100 | 0.137 | 0.074 | 0.631 | −0.481 |
FLT | 0.866 | 0.016 | 0.159 | 0.215 | 0.187 | −0.238 |
ACE | 0.804 | 0.211 | 0.059 | 0.089 | 0.295 | −0.394 |
NAP | 0.764 | −0.063 | 0.171 | 0.505 | −0.302 | −0.112 |
1OHPYR | 0.741 | 0.362 | −0.334 | −0.126 | 0.704 | 0.247 |
FL | 0.735 | 0.090 | 0.237 | 0.022 | 0.118 | −0.020 |
PYR | 0.694 | 0.177 | 0.289 | −0.240 | 0.639 | 0.164 |
2OHPHE | 0.692 | −0.111 | −0.129 | 0.553 | 0.365 | −0.213 |
ANT | 0.676 | 0.101 | 0.209 | 0.490 | 0.219 | 0.022 |
3OHPHE | 0.634 | −0.067 | −0.252 | 0.016 | 0.268 | 0.589 |
Cd | 0.139 | 0.704 | 0.122 | −0.113 | 0.196 | −0.365 |
Pb | 0.138 | 0.631 | 0.118 | 0.613 | 0.089 | 0.203 |
Co | 0.011 | 0.624 | 0.091 | −0.325 | −0.440 | −0.016 |
Hg | 0.015 | 0.601 | 0.118 | 0.110 | −0.041 | −0.002 |
CHR | 0.061 | −0.051 | 0.728 | 0.604 | 0.012 | −0.042 |
BaA | 0.313 | −0.009 | 0.614 | 0.452 | 0.007 | 0.173 |
DBA | −0.118 | −0.172 | 0.610 | −0.012 | 0.746 | 0.146 |
BFA | 0.189 | 0.073 | 0.606 | 0.482 | 0.514 | 0.083 |
ACY | 0.290 | 0.027 | 0.033 | 0.536 | −0.192 | 0.214 |
BaP | −0.034 | 0.360 | −0.006 | 0.901 | −0.024 | 0.057 |
IPY | −0.038 | 0.155 | 0.324 | 0.803 | 0.231 | −0.176 |
1OHNAP | 0.023 | 0.507 | −0.038 | 0.005 | 0.261 | 0.644 |
2OHNAP | 0.200 | 0.420 | −0.142 | −0.006 | −0.094 | 0.477 |
1OHPHE | −0.098 | 0.473 | −0.255 | 0.314 | 0.291 | 0.225 |
9OHPHE | 0.368 | 0.264 | −0.221 | −0.003 | −0.258 | 0.057 |
As | 0.014 | 0.364 | 0.303 | 0.229 | 0.239 | 0.099 |
Ba | 0.419 | 0.215 | −0.174 | 0.386 | 0.028 | −0.244 |
Cr | 0.063 | 0.432 | −0.188 | 0.166 | 0.252 | 0.776 |
Cu | 0.031 | 0.303 | −0.150 | 0.464 | −0.487 | 0.256 |
Ni | −0.026 | 0.522 | 0.244 | 0.338 | −0.040 | −0.233 |
Rb | −0.197 | 0.048 | −0.217 | −0.005 | 0.457 | −0.030 |
B | S.E. | Wald | Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% C.I. for EXP(B) | ||
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Regression Scores Factor 1 | 3.375 | 1.518 | 4.945 | 0.026 | 29.214 | 1.492 | 571.879 |
Regression Scores Factor 2 | 10.534 | 3.868 | 7.418 | 0.006 | 37,561.068 | 19.167 | 73,6079,32.642 |
Regression Scores Factor 3 | 4.592 | 1650 | 7.747 | 0.005 | 98.668 | 3.890 | 2502.895 |
Cases (n = 96) | Controls (n = 35) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | (%) | p Value | N | (%) | p Value | |
Sex | ||||||
Men | 52 | 54.2 | 0.475 | 18 | 51.4 | 0.999 |
Women | 44 | 45.8 | 17 | 48.6 | ||
Residence Area | ||||||
Industrial | 31 | 32.3 | 0.380 | 15 | 42.9 | 0.499 |
Urban | 38 | 39.6 | 20 | 57.1 | ||
Rural | 27 | 28.1 | - | - | ||
Age (Years) | ||||||
40–49 | 12 | 12.5 | 0.004 | 15 | 42.8 | 0.449 |
50–59 | 26 | 27.1 | 11 | 31.4 | ||
60–69 | 27 | 28.1 | 9 | 25.7 | ||
70–79 | 23 | 24.0 | - | - | ||
80–89 | 8 | 8.3 | - | - | ||
Smoking Habit | ||||||
Ever | 36 | 37.5 | 0.519 | 11 | 31.4 | 0.892 |
Ex | 27 | 28.1 | 11 | 31.4 | ||
Never | 33 | 34.3 | 13 | 37.1 |
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Chrysochou, E.; Kanellopoulos, P.G.; Koukoulakis, K.G.; Sakellari, A.; Karavoltsos, S.; Minaidis, M.; Bakeas, E. Heart Failure and PAHs, OHPAHs, and Trace Elements Levels in Human Serum: Results from a Preliminary Pilot Study in Greek Population and the Possible Impact of Air Pollution. Molecules 2021, 26, 3207. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113207
Chrysochou E, Kanellopoulos PG, Koukoulakis KG, Sakellari A, Karavoltsos S, Minaidis M, Bakeas E. Heart Failure and PAHs, OHPAHs, and Trace Elements Levels in Human Serum: Results from a Preliminary Pilot Study in Greek Population and the Possible Impact of Air Pollution. Molecules. 2021; 26(11):3207. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113207
Chicago/Turabian StyleChrysochou, Eirini, Panagiotis Georgios Kanellopoulos, Konstantinos G. Koukoulakis, Aikaterini Sakellari, Sotirios Karavoltsos, Minas Minaidis, and Evangelos Bakeas. 2021. "Heart Failure and PAHs, OHPAHs, and Trace Elements Levels in Human Serum: Results from a Preliminary Pilot Study in Greek Population and the Possible Impact of Air Pollution" Molecules 26, no. 11: 3207. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113207