Modern Carbon–Based Materials for Adsorptive Removal of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Adsorption Isotherms
3. Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents
3.1. CNTs
3.1.1. Structural and Functional Properties of CNTs
3.1.2. CNTs for Adsorptive Removal of Organic Pollutants
3.1.3. Modification of CNTs
3.1.4. Mechanism of Adsorption of Organic Contaminants onto CNTs
π-π Interactions
Hydrogen Bonding
Electrostatic Interactions
Hydrophobic Interactions
3.2. Gn-Based Nanoadsorbents
3.2.1. GO
3.2.2. Structural and Functional Properties of GO
3.2.3. Mechanisms of the Organic Pollutants Adsorption onto GO
π-π Interactions
Hydrogen Bonding
Electrostatic Interactions
Hydrophobic Interactions
4. MOF-Carbon Composites
4.1. MOF-Based Composites
4.2. MOF-Carbon-Based Composites as Multifunctional and Multipurpose Materials
4.3. Removal of the Toxic Pollutants from Water Using MOF-Based Carbon Composites
4.4. Key Factors, Which Govern Adsorption Performance of MOF-Carbon Composites
4.5. Mechanisms Realized Using MOF-Carbon Composites in the Adsorption Processes Related to the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water
4.6. MOF-AC Composites
4.7. MOF-GO Composites
4.7.1. Electrostatic Interaction, π-π Stacking Interaction, Hydrogen Bonding and Open Metal Sites Complexation
4.7.2. Lewis Acid-Base Interactions: Role of Metal Centers in the Framework
4.7.3. Multi-Component Systems Including GO, MOF Crystallites, and Other Components
4.8. MOF-CNT Composites
4.8.1. π-π Stacking Interactions and Hydrogen Bonding
4.8.2. Hydrogen Bonding and Zn-O-P Interaction
4.8.3. π-π Stacking Interactions
4.8.4. Three-Component Systems Including CNTs, MOF Crystallites, and Inorganic Matrix: Electrostatic Interactions
4.9. MOF-Biochar Composites: Electrostatic and π–π Stacking Interactions
N | Adsorbent | Composition | Ssp, m2/g | Surface Functional Groups | Adsorbate | Adsorption Conditions | Adsorption Capacity, mg/g | Mechanism of Adsorbent/Adsorbate Interactions | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | HKUST-1-AC | (Cu3(btc)2)-C composite | No data | No data | Crystal Violet | 25 °C, pH = 3 | 133.33 | Electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, H-bonding, soft-soft interactions, dipole-ion interactions | [302] |
Disulfine Blue | 129.87 | ||||||||
Quinoline Yellow | 65.37 | ||||||||
2 | MOF-5-AC | (Zn4O(bdc)3)-AC | No data | No data | Fast Green | 25 °C pH = 3 | 21.230 | Synergetic effect of MOF-5 matrix and AC-matrix | [303] |
Eosin | 20.242 | ||||||||
Quinine Yellow | 18.621 | ||||||||
3 | 14-ZIF-8-C | (Zn-(meIm)2)-C derived from adipic acid | 136.5 | N | Malachite Green | T = 30 °C, pH = 4 | 3056 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions, H-bonding | [305] |
4 | AC-NH2-MIL-101(Cr) | AC-Cr3O(abdc)3 | 1681 | NH2 | p-Nitrophenol | 25 °C, pH = 5 | 18.3 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions, H-bonding, open metal sites (Cr3+) | [307] |
5 | GO-MIL-101(Fe)- | GO10%-Fe3O(bdc)3 | 888.289 (Langmuir) | OH, COOH, COO− | Methyl Orange | 25–65 °C, pH = 3–4 | 186.20 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions, H-bonding, open metal sites (Fe3+) | [316] |
6 | GO-MIL-101(Cr) | GO(3%)-Cr3O(bdc)3 | 3259 | OH, COOH, COO− | Naproxene | pH = 5.4 | 171 | H-bonding (dominating), electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions, open metal sites (Cr3+) | [317] |
Ketoprophene | pH = 7.0 | 140 | |||||||
7 | MIL-68(Al)-GO-2 | AlOHbdc-GO (4.8 wt.%) | 1309 | OH, COOH, aromatic moiety, μ2-OH | Methyl Orange | pH = 8 | 400 | Electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, π-π stacking interactions | [321] |
8 | rGO-NH2-MIL-68(Al) | AlOHabdc-rGO | 1914 | OH, COC, COOH, aromatic moiety, NH2 and μ2-OH | Congo Red | 25 °C, pH = 4 | 473.93 | Electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, π-π stacking interactions | [198] |
9 | NH2-MIL-68(In)-GO-2 | InOHabdc-GO (5 wt.%) | 679.5 | OH, COC (epoxy), COOH, aromatic moiety, NH2, μ2-OH | Rhodamine B | pH = 6 | 267 | π-π stacking interactions (dominating), electrostatic interactions | [323] |
10 | MIL-68(Al)-GO | AlOHbdc-GO in pellet form; MIL-68(Al): GO mass ratio = 10.00 | - | OH, COC, COOH, aromatic moiety, μ2-OH, | Tetracycline hydrochloride | 20–25 °C, pH = 4–9 | 228 | H-bonding, π-π stacking interactions, Al-N covalent bonding | [326] |
11 | rGO-MIL-68(Al) | InOHabdc-15%rGO r = rhamnolipid-functionalized | 761.97 | OH−, COC, COOH, aromatic moiety | p-Nitrophenol | 30 °C, pH = 5 | 332.23 | H-bonding, π-π stacking interactions | [327] |
12 | GO-UiO-66-(OH)2 | GO-Zr6O4(OH)4-bdc-OH2 | 239.5054 (BJH) | OH, COC, COOH | Methylene B | 25 °C, pH = 11 | 96.69 | Electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, π-π stacking interactions, open metal sites (Zr4+) | [315] |
Tetracycline hydrochloride | 37.96 | ||||||||
13 | GO-UiO-66-(COOH)2 | GO (3 wt.%)-Zr6O4(OH)4-bdc-(COOH)2 | 369.96 | OH, COC, COOH, COO | Tetracycline hydrochloride | 30 °C, pH = 3 | 164.91 (Qm) | π-π stacking interactions (dominating), H-bonding, weak electrostatic interactions, open metal sites (Zr4+) | [328] |
14 | UiO-67-GO | Zr6O4(OH)4-bpdc-GO | - | OH, COOH, Zr-OH | Glyphosate | pH = 4 | 482.69 | Surface/inner-complexation or chemical integration (dominating), electrostatic interaction at low pH values | [329] |
15 | ZIF-67-rGO aerogel | Co(2-meIm)2-rGO aerogel | 491 | Aromatic moiety, OH, COOH, N | Crystal Violet | pH = 6 | 1714.2 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [331] |
Methyl Orange | 426.3 | ||||||||
16 | ZIF-Ga ZIF-67-GA | Co(2-meIm)2-GA aerogel | No data- | Aromatic moiety, N | Methyl Orange | No data | 550.3 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [332] |
Rhodamine B | 380.7 | ||||||||
17 | TMU-23-GO | [Zn2(oba)2(bpfb)]·(DMF)5 GO (10 wt.%)) | No data | Aromatic moiety, NH-, CO | Methylene B | 25 °C | ≥90% of adsorption efficiency | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions, acid-base interactions | [335] |
18 | HKUST-1(Ni)-GO | Ni3(btc)2-GO | 69.6 | OH, COOH | Congo Red | 25 °C, pH = 4 | 2489 | Acid-base interactions | [336] |
19 | AG-ZIF-67 | Co(2-meIm)2-AG Alginate-graphene hydrogel | 138.62 | OH, OCO, COOH C=N, C-N, N-N | Tetracycline hydrochloride | 30 °C, pH = 6 | 456.62 | π-π stacking interaction, cation-π bonding | [337] |
20 | HKUST-1-Fe4O3-GO-β-CD | Cu3(btc)2-Fe4O3-GO-β-cyclodextrin | 250.33 | Aromatic moiety, CO, COO−, NH- | Imidacloprid | No data | 3.11 | H-bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [338] |
Thiamethoxam | 2.88 | ||||||||
Acetamiprid | 2.96 | ||||||||
Nitenpyram | 2.56 | ||||||||
Dinotefuran | 1.77 | ||||||||
Thiacloprid | 2.88 | ||||||||
21 | Fe3O4/MOF(Co, Ni)@GO | Fe3O4-Ni3(BTC)2@GO | 41.473 | O-H, C=O, C=C, C-O, COO− | Methylene B | 65.78 | [339] | ||
Fe3O4-Co3(BTC)2@GO | 70.42 | ||||||||
22 | CNT@MIL-68(Al) | 0.75 wt.%CNT@AlOHbdc | 1407 | Aromatic moiety, COO− | Phenol | 25 °C | 341.1 | π-π stacking interactions, H-bonding | [286] |
3.5% CNT@AlOHbdc | 109.9 | ||||||||
23 | MWCNT-NH2-MIL-53(Fe) | MWCNT-FeOHabdc | 125.50 | Aromatic moiety, COO−, NH2- | Tetracycline hydrochloride | 25 °C, pH = 3 | 368.49 | π-π stacking interactions (dominating), H-bonding, pore filling effect | [341] |
Chlortetracycline hydrochloride | 254.04 | ||||||||
24 | MWCNT-ZIF-8 | MWCNT-Zn(meIm)2 | No data | Humic acids | 25 °C, pH = 5.0 | 55.68 | [342] | ||
25 | ZIF-8@MWCNT120 | Zn(meIm)2@hydroxylated MWCNT | No data | Aromatic moiety, OH, N | Phosphate | 30 °C, pH = 7 | 203.0 (Qm) | H-bonding, Zn-O-P interaction | [343] |
26 | ZIF-8@CNT | 80 wt%Zn(meIm)2@CNT | 830.3 | Aromatic moiety, COOH, OH, COC | Methylene Green | 20 °C, pH = 3.5–7.0 | 2034 | π-π stacking interactions | [344] |
ZIF-8@GO | 80 wt%Zn(meIm)2@GO | 1476.4 | heteroaromatic moiety, OH | 3300 | |||||
27 | SiO2@ZIF-67/CNTs | SiO2@Co(meIm)2-CNTs | 993 | (Hetero)aromatic moiety, COOH | Methyl Orange | 5 °C | 112 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [345] |
D-SiO2@ZIF-67/CNTs | 1005 | 194 | |||||||
C-SiO2@ZIF-67/CNTs | 1135 | 324 | |||||||
28 | MIL-53(Fe)/MBC | FeOHabdc-Fe3O4-biochar | 27.49 | Aromatic moiety, COO | Rhodamine B | pH = 6, 25 °C | 55 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [346] |
5. Highly Ordered Porous Carbons Derived from MOF Matrices
5.1. Background
5.2. Factors Determining the Adsorption of Organic Pollutants from Water Solutions: Realization of Specific Adsorption Mechanisms for MCs
5.2.1. Hydrogen Bonding, π-π Stacking Interactions, and n-π Interactions
5.2.2. Electrostatic Interactions, Hydrogen Bonding, Pore-Filling Mechanism, π-Electron Polarization and Hydrophobic Interactions
5.2.3. Electrostatic Interactions and Hydrophobic Interactions
5.2.4. Hydrophobic Interactions
5.2.5. Hydrogen Bonding
5.3. Bimetallic MOF Matrices as Precursors for NPC
5.4. Preliminary Modification of MOF Precursors with N-Containing Compounds
Hydrogen Bonding
5.5. Using Inorganic Templates for Advanced Hybrid MCs: Electrostatic Interactions
5.6. Using Wastes for the Preparation of MCs: π-π Stacking Interactions, Cation-π Bonding, Hydrogen Bonding
6. Bioadsorbents
6.1. Biochar
6.2. Biochar from Refuse Biomass
6.3. Defining Mineral and Ash-Rich Biochar
6.4. Factors Determining Adsorption Potential
6.4.1. Highest Treatment Temperature (HTT)
6.4.2. Polarity
6.4.3. Carbonization
6.4.4. Mineral and Ash Fraction (MAF)
6.4.5. pH
6.5. Adsorption Mechanism
7. Conclusions and Future Outlook
- An appropriate choice of synthesis technique including process parameters (temperature, time) along with pretreatment/activation/modification mode may result in a serious improvement of their adsorption performance towards both organic and inorganic pollutants in aqueous media. In several cases, an appropriate temperature regime for calcination of the prepared carbon-based materials may result in a serious improvement of their porosity and hydrophobicity.
- The different strategies for the improvement of the textural (specific surface area, porosity), morphological characteristics as well as pore surface functionality and thereby their adsorption performance are presented. The most effective strategies for this purpose are pore surface modification by oxidation, hydroxylation, grafting appropriate functional groups, do** heteroatoms (N, S, O) or metal species as well as preparation of their functional composites by integration of different kinds of (nano)adsorbents or classical carbon or inorganic solids like silica.
- Appropriate processing, sha**/pelletization, preparation of carbonaceous (nano)adsorbents, e.g., CNTs, GO and MOF-Carbon composites, in the form of aerogel or hydrogels are promising to increase the separability, mechanical strength, and stability of these adsorbents in aqueous media. Additionally, using binding agents, such as sodium and calcium alginates may introduce additional heteroatoms in resulting materials and thereby enrich the possible adsorbate-adsorbent interactions.
- As a rule, these composites show significantly enhanced pollutant uptake and adsorption efficiency (higher than 99%) as compared to pristine composite components and common adsorbents like activated carbons, so this strategy provides the synergetic adsorption performance due to several cooperative effects provided by intrinsic porosity, functionality, and adsorption properties of composite components.
- Using the functional composites of carbon-based nanoadsorbents with other materials allows one to involve both adsorptive removal and other related processes, such as (photo)catalytic degradation in several purification cases. For instance, a combination of adsorption and photodegradation may be recommended for the removal of dyes such as methyl orange from wastewater using selected MOF-carbon composites, such as MOF-MWCNTs and MOF-biochar systems.
- Generally speaking, each type of considered carbon-based nanoadsorbent has several unique properties, which can be further modified, so in each case, an appropriate choice of carbon-based nanomaterial is governed by the needs for specific tasks related to organic pollutant removal.
- Based on existing biochar standards and literature review, mineral and ash rich biochar (MAB) has been defined as those with H/C ≤ 0.7 and Ash/C ≤ 4.1. Mineral and ash fraction along with the highest treatment temperature in pyrolysis are the most influential factors in determining biochar adsorption mechanisms. Valorization of MAB derived from mineral and ash-rich biomasses like urban organic wastes as adsorbents for organic and inorganic pollutants is recommended for further investigation and critical research.
- Another area of current and future research is appropriate functionalization or integration of biochar with other types of adsorptive materials, like MOF crystallites to enhance their adsorption performance (order, textural and functional properties), lower production costs and create recyclability as soil improvers. Moreover, biochar along with other carbon-based nanoadsorbents considered in this review may be regarded as a multifunctional and multi-purpose material in several ecological applications, such as soil amelioration.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
b | constant of the Langmuir model, L/mg |
BET | Brunnauer-Emmet-Teller theory for the analysis of the surface area |
Ce | concentration of a pollutant in solution at the equilibrium, mg/L |
Ci | thickness constant of the boundary layer |
k1, k2 | adsorption rate constants of pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models, respectively, g/(mg·min) |
Kd | single-point distribution coefficient, L/g |
Kf | constant of the Freundlich model |
kp | adsorption rate constants of intra-particle diffusion kinetic model, mg/(g·min1/2) |
n | constant of the Freundlich model |
Q0 | constant of the Langmuir model |
qe | amount of an adsorbate adsorbed at the equilibrium per unit mass of the adsorbent, mg/g |
Qm | maximal adsorption capacity calculated from the adsorption isotherm, mg/g |
qt | amount of an adsorbate at a given period of time t, mg/g |
Ssp | Specific surface area, m2/g |
t | contact time, min |
3D-EEM | Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix |
AAEM | Alkali and alkaline earth metals |
abdc | 2-Aminobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate |
AC | Activated carbons |
ACE | Acesulfame |
ACP | Acetaminophen |
ADQ | Amodiaquine |
AIDs | Anti-inflammatory drugs |
AOP | Advanced oxidation processes |
AR 18 | Acid Red 18 dye |
APTES | 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane |
ASs | Artificial sweeteners |
ATC | Anthracene |
ATZ | Atrazine |
bdc | Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate |
BET | Brunauer–Emmett–Teller |
bIm | Benzimidazole |
BPA | Bisphenol A |
bpdc | Biphenyldicarboxylate |
bpfb | N,N′-bis-(4-pyridylformamide)-1,4-benzenediamine |
btc | Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate |
BZ | Benzene |
CCM | Constant Capacitance Model |
CEC | Cation exchange capacity |
CD | Cyclodextrine |
CIP | Ciprofloxacin |
CNTs | Carbon nanotubes |
CR | Congo Red dye |
CV | Crystal Violet dye |
CYC | Cyclamate |
DB | Disulfine Blue dye |
dhbdc | Dihydroxybenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate |
DLM | Diffuse Layer Model |
DMF | N,N-Dimethylformamide |
DMZ | Dimetridazole |
DOM | Dissolved organic matter |
EBC | European Biochar Certificate/Commission |
EDA | Electron Donor-Acceptor |
EY | Eosin Y dye |
FG | Fast Green dye |
Gn | Graphene |
GNs | Graphene-based nanomaterials |
GO | Graphene oxide |
H2oba | 4,4′-Oxybisbenzoic acid |
HA | Humic acids |
HTT | Highest treatment temperature |
IBI | International Biochar Initiative |
ILs | Ionic liquids |
KET | Ketoprofen |
LOLIPOP | Localized Orbital Locator Integrated Pi Over Plane |
MAB | Mineral and ash-rich biochar |
MAF | Mineral and ash fraction |
MB | Methylene Blue dye |
MBC | Magnetic biochar |
2-mbIm | 2-Methylbenzimidazole) |
MCs | MOF-derived carbons |
MDCs | MAF-6 derived porous carbons |
meIm | 2-Methylimidazolate |
MIL | Materials of the Institute of Lavoisier, abbreviation for the separate MOF family |
MNZ | Metronidazole |
MOFs | Metal-organic frameworks |
MO | Methyl Orange dye |
MWCNTs | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
MZ | Menidazole |
NAP | Naproxene |
NAPH | Naphthalene |
NIABs | Nitroimidazole antibiotics |
NPC | Nanoporous carbon |
OMSs | Open metal sites |
PAC | Powdered activated carbon |
PAE | Phthalic acid esters |
PAHs | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
PET | Polyethylene terephthalate |
PCMX | Para-chloro-meta-xylenol |
PMS | Peroxymonosulfate |
PNP | p-Nitrophenol |
POPs | Persistent organic pollutants |
PPCPs | Personal care products |
PRN | Pyrene |
PZC | Point of zero charge |
QY | Quinoline Yellow dye |
rGO | Reduced graphene oxide |
RhB | Rhodamine Blue dye |
SAC | Saccharin |
SAS | Self-adjusted strategy |
SCMs | Surface Complexation Models |
SIB | Ship-in-bottle method |
SMZ | Sulfamethoxazole |
SWCNTs | Single-walled carbon nanotubes |
TC | Tetracycline |
TCH | Tetracycline hydrochloride |
TCS | Triclosan |
TEOS | Tetraethoxysilane |
TLM | Triple Layer Model |
UOW | Urban organic wastes |
Vmicro | Micropore volume, cm3/g |
Vtotal | Total pore volume, cm3/g |
ZIFs | Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks |
ZIF-GA | Zeolitic imidazolate framework-graphene aerogels |
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N | Adsorbent | Name/Modification | Ssp (BET), m2/g | Surface Functional Groups | Adsorbate | Adsorption Conditions | Adsorption Capacity, mg/g | Mechanism of Adsorbent-Adsorbate Interaction | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | MWCNT | H-MWCNT/hydroxylated | 360 | –OH, –CO–, –COOH, –NH–, –C– N– | Acetaminophen | 25 °C pH = 7 | 8.8 | H-bonding | [135] |
MWCNT/pristine | 283 | –OH, –CO–, –COOH | 5.3 | ||||||
A-MWCNT/aminated | 178 | –OH, –CO–, –COOH, –NH–, –C–N– | 5.3 | ||||||
L-MWCNT/thin-walled | 153 | –OH, –CO–, –COOH, –NH–, –C–N– | 4.6 | ||||||
HP-MWCNT/high-purity | 114 | –OH, –CO–, –COOH, –NH– | 4.5 | ||||||
2 | MWCNT | MWCNT/pristine | 410 | No data | Ketaprofen | 25 °C pH = 2 | 2.3 | Hydrophobic interaction, π- π stacking interactions, n-π interactions | [151] |
Naproxen | 2.5 | ||||||||
Diclofenac | 4.8 | ||||||||
Ibuprofen | 1.96 | ||||||||
3 | SWCNT | HCl and HNO3 | 700 | No data | Triamethren | 25 °C pH = 7 | 87.72 | Electrostatic interactions | [139] |
MWCNT | 270 | 12.64 | |||||||
4 | MWCNT | Pristine | 13 | No data | Caffeine | 25 °C pH = 7 | 4.18 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [122] |
Diclofenac | 7.26 | ||||||||
5 | MWCNT | CNTs-2.0%O/oxidized | 471 | No data | Ciprofloxacin | 150.6 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [143] | |
CNTs-3.2%O/oxidized | 381 | 25 °C | 178.9 | ||||||
CNTs-4.7%O/oxidized | 382 | pH = 4 | 206.0 | ||||||
CNTs-5.9%O/oxidized | 327 | 181.2 | |||||||
6 | SWCNT | pristine | 541 | No data | Ciprofloxacin | 4 °C pH = 4.0–6.1, | 112.36 | Electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions | [144] |
MWCNT | MWNT MG/graphitized | 117 | 36.76 | ||||||
MWNT MC/carboxylated | 164 | 35.34 | |||||||
MWNT MH/hydroxylated | 228 | 45 °C pH = 4.0–6.1 | 43.48 | ||||||
7 | MWCNT | MWCNT/pristine | 233 | No data | Carbamazepine | 45 °C pH = 6 T 45 °C | 224 | Hydrophobic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [152] |
Dorzolamide | pH = 4 | 78 | |||||||
8 | MWCNT | MWCNT/carboxylated | 160 | No data | Norfloxacin | 15 °C pH = 7 | 87.0 | Hydrophobic interactions; H-bonding, electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [136] |
9 | MWCNT | MWCNT/pristine | 207 | No data | Carbamazepine | 30 °C pH = 6.5 | 39.5 | [153] | |
10 | MWCNT | CNTs 1/pristine, outer diameter, nm, <8 | 500 | Cyclophosphamide | 20–25 °C pH = 4–9 | 27.27 | Electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions | [154] | |
Ifosfamide | 18.19 | ||||||||
5-Fluorouracil | 11.63 | ||||||||
CNTs 5/pristine, outer diameter, nm, 50–80 | 60 | Cyclophosphamide | 3.77 | ||||||
Ifosfamide | 2.56 | ||||||||
5-Fluorouracil | 2.23 | ||||||||
MWCNTs-COOH | 60 | Cyclophosphamide | 1.83 | ||||||
Ifosfamide | 1.73 | ||||||||
5-Fluorouracil | 2.30 | ||||||||
Helical MWCNTs | >30 | Cyclophosphamide | 1.23 | ||||||
Ifosfamide | 0.76 | ||||||||
5-Fluorouracil | 0.56 | ||||||||
11 | MWCNT | OH-CNTs/Hydroxylated | 86 | –OH, C=O | Sulfamethoxazole | [155] | |||
G-CNTs/Graphitized | 81 | ||||||||
12 | MWCNT | MWCNT-10/pristine, outer diameter, nm, < 10 | 382 | C=O, C–O, –OH | Sulfamethoxazole | 25 °C pH = 3 | 71.8 | π-π stacking interactions, n-π interactions, hydrophobic interaction, H-bonding, π-H bonding | [121] |
Ibuprofen | 94.1 | ||||||||
Diclofenac | 209.7 | ||||||||
Carbamazepine | 243.1 | ||||||||
Aligned-MWCNT/outer diameter, nm, 10–50 | 182 | Sulfamethoxazole | 37.9 | ||||||
Ibuprofen | 41.2 | ||||||||
Diclofenac | 124.0 | ||||||||
Carbamazepine | 111.6 | ||||||||
S-MWCNT-2040/outer diameter, nm, 20–40 | 85 | Sulfamethoxazole | 8.2 | ||||||
Ibuprofen | 13.0 | ||||||||
Diclofenac | 59.7 | ||||||||
Carbamazepine | 53.2 | ||||||||
L-MWCNT-2040/outer diameter, nm, 20–40 | 119 | Sulfamethoxazole | 22.7 | ||||||
Ibuprofen | 17.2 | ||||||||
Diclofenac | 53.8 | ||||||||
Carbamazepine | 44.7 | ||||||||
L-MWCNT-60100/outer diameter, nm, 60–100 | 58 | Sulfamethoxazole | 16.3 | ||||||
Ibuprofen | 11.9 | ||||||||
Diclofenac | 35.7 | ||||||||
Carbamazepine | 26.5 | ||||||||
13 | SWCNT | Pristine | 625 | 2-Chlorophenol | 25 °C, pH = 4.8 | 24.9 | Hydrophobic interactions π-π stacking interactions, cation-π interaction | [149] | |
SWCNT-OH | 526 | ||||||||
SWCNT-COOH | 552 | ||||||||
14 | MWCNT | MWCNT-COOH/(PD15L1-5-COOH, Nanolab, up to 7% functionalized) | 112 | Carbamazepine | pH = 7.2 | 110 | π-π stacking interactions | [130] | |
15 | MWCNT | Pristine | 350 | –C–H, –C–O, –C=O, –O-H | Triclosan | 20 °C, pH = 6 | H-bonding, π-π stacking interactions, electrostatic interactions | [138] | |
Diclofenac |
N | Adsorbent | Name/Modification | Ssp (BET), m2/g | Surface Functional Groups | Adsorbate | Adsorption Conditions | Adsorption Capacity, mg/g | Mechanism of Adsorbent-Adsorbate Interaction | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | GO | GO/Pristine | 15.0 | –OH, C=O, C–O, –COOH | Carbamazepine | 25 °C pH = 6 | 76.3 μmol/g | [220] | |
Sulfamethoxazole | 32.2 μmol/g | ||||||||
Sulfadiazine | 104.8 μmol/g | ||||||||
Ibuprofen | 61.2 μmol/g | ||||||||
Paracetamol | 21.9 μmol/g | ||||||||
Phenacetin | 25.2 μmol/g | ||||||||
GO-DFB20/Connecting GO sheets with decafluorobiphenyl (DFB) | 27.7 | Carbamazepine | 340.5 μmol/g | ||||||
Sulfamethoxazole | 428.3 μmol/g | π-π stacking interactions, hydrophobic interactions | |||||||
Sulfadiazine | 214.7 μmol/g | ||||||||
Ibuprofen | 224.3 μmol/g | ||||||||
Paracetamol | 350.6 μmol/g | π-π stacking interactions | |||||||
Phenacetin | 316.1 μmol/g | ||||||||
2 | rGO | rGOA/Aerogel | 132 | O–H, C–O, –COOH | Diclofenac | 30 °C, pH = 4; | 596.71 | H-bonding, π-π interaction | [225] |
3 | GO | GO was prepared from the natural graphite powder | 109 | C–O, C=O, | Metformin | 15 °C, pH = 6 | 96.75 | π-π interaction, H-bonding | [216] |
4 | GO | Synthesized using natural graphite flakes | 34 | O–H, C=O, O=C–O, C–O–C, C–O | Dimethyl phthalate | 25 °C pH = 7 | 62.26 | Hydrophobic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [235] |
Diethyl phthalate | 58.97 | ||||||||
DBP | 84.13 | ||||||||
rGO | Obtained by reducing GO with hydrazine hydrate | 305 | O–H, C=O, O=C–O, C–O | Dimethyl phthalate | 146.9 | ||||
Diethyl phthalate | 127.2 | ||||||||
DBP | 385.35 | ||||||||
5 | rGO | Obtained by reducing GO with hydrazine hydrate | 670 | C–O, C=O, C=C, C–H, O–H | Atenolol | pH = 2 | 71.81 | Electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, π-π stacking interactions | [231] |
Ciprofloxacin | 370.11 | ||||||||
Carbamazepine | 154.251 | ||||||||
Diclofenac | 75.801 | ||||||||
Ibuprofen | 47.85 | ||||||||
Gemfibrozil | 109.710 | ||||||||
6 | GO | GO was prepared from the graphite powder | C–H, C=C, C–O, O–H | Diclofenac | 40 °C pH = 6 | 653.91 | H-bonding; π−π stacking interactions | [241] | |
7 | GO | C/commercial xGnp-C-750, XG Sciences, Inc. | 771 | Carbamazepine | pH = 7.2 | 215 | π-π stacking interactions | [130] | |
M/commercial xGnp-M-25, XG Sciences, Inc. | 74 | 24 | |||||||
A/commercial N006-010-P, Angstron Materials, Inc. | 15 | 16 | |||||||
8 | GO | GO prepared from the graphite powder | O–H, C=O, C=C, C–O | Atenolol | 25 °C pH = 2 | 116 | Electrostatic interactions, H-bonding; π-π stacking interactions | [232] | |
Propranolol | 67 | ||||||||
9 | GO | GO prepared from the graphite flakes | 187 | O–H, C=C, C–H, C–O | Metformin | 30 °C pH = 6.5 | 122.61 | π-π stacking interactions | [217] |
10 | GO | 123 | Tetracycline | 24 °C pH = 6 | 80.980 | Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [234] | ||
Doxycycline | 116.5099 | ||||||||
Ciprofloxacin | 156.7634 | ||||||||
11 | GO | Commercial ACS Material, Medford, MA, USA | –OH, –COOH, C–O–C | Ciprofloxacin | pH = 5 | 379 | Electrostatic interactions | [219] | |
Sulfamethoxazole | 240 | π-π stacking interaction | |||||||
12 | GO | GO prepared from the graphite powder | C–C, C–O, C=O, O–C=O | Salicylic acid | 25 °C pH = 7 | 33.64 | π-π stacking interactions | [223] |
N | Adsorbent | Ssp (BET), m2/g, | Surface Functional Groups | Adsorbate | Adsorption Conditions | Adsorption Capacity, mg/g | Mechanism of Adsorbent/Adsorbate Interactions | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cu/Cu2O/CuO@C | 80 | O–H, CO, COO−, C–OOH, aromatic moiety | Ciprofloxacin, | pH = 7 | 67.5 | H-bonding, π-π stacking interactions, n-π interactions | [358] |
Tetracycline | pH = 6 | 112.5 | ||||||
Chloramphenicol | No data | 37.2 | ||||||
2 | NPC-700 | 750 | C=N, N–H, aromatic moiety | Ciprofloxacin | 30 °C, pH = 6 | 416.7 | Electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions | [52] |
3 | NPC | 1731 | OH, C=C, C–O–C, aromatic moiety | Sulfamethoxazole | pH = 5.8 | 625 | Pore-filling, electrostatic interactions, π-electron polarization, H-bonding | [357] |
Bisphenol A | pH = 6.3 | 757 | ||||||
Methyl Orange | pH = 6.0 | 872 | ||||||
4 | ZnO-C1000 | 782.971 | COOH, ZnO–C, aromatic moiety | Rhodamine B | pH = 3–13 | ~100% removal efficiency | No data | [355] |
5 | BMDC-12 h | 1449 | N–, OH, CO, COO−, COOH, | Bisphenol A | pH = 3 | 714 | H-bonding (dominating), π-π stacking interactions | [50] |
6 | CMOF-La | 408 | C=C, C–H, aromatic moiety | Acid Red 18 | 20 °C, pH = 5–7 | 47.35 | Electrostatic interactions (dominating), hydrophobic interactions, π-π stacking interactions | [363] |
7 | cal-ZIF-67/AC | 833 | Co, N–, aromatic moiety | Rhodamine B | 30 °C | 46.2 | No data | [364] |
8 | MDC-24 | 1906 | Zn, N, O, aromatic moiety | pH = 7 | Hydrophobic interactions | [356] | ||
Naphthalene | 237 | |||||||
Anthracene | 284 | |||||||
Pyrene | 307 | |||||||
9 | MDC-6 h | 1525 | N, OH, lactonic, COOH, aromatic moiety | Saccharin | pH = 3 | 93 | H-bonding (dominating), π-π stacking interactions | [2] |
10 | Co@NC-1/4-900 | 514 | aromatic moiety | Amodiaquine | 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C pH = 5.4 | 890.23 | Complexation with Co NPs adsorption sites, H-bonding, π-π stacking interactions | [365] |
11 | 0.25CDM@M-6 | 1762 | N, C–N, C=O, C=C, C–OH, OH, COOH | Dimetridazole | 25 °C pH = 7 | 621 | H-bonding | [366] |
Metronidazole | 702 | |||||||
12 | MDC-1000 | 1802 | C–N, C=N, N-6, N-5, N-Q | Atrazine | 25 °C | 168 | H-bonding | [367] |
IMDC IMDC-1000 (12%) | 1421 | 208 | ||||||
13 | CDAlPCP | 2357 | N, COOH, COO−, OH, C=C, C–OH, C=O, C–N, N-6, N-5, N-Q | para-Chloro-meta-xylenol | pH = 8 | 228 | H-bonding (dominating), hydrophobic interactions and π-π stacking interactions | [5] |
CDIL@AlPCP 0.5wt.%IL@AlPCP | 2084 | para-Chloro-meta-xylenol, triclosan | 338 326 | |||||
14 | ZIF-8 derived carbon C@silica | 594.4 | Si–O–C, C=N, N–H, OH | Ciprofloxacin | 30 °C, pH = 6 | 516.8 1575 (in the presence of Cu2+) | Electrostatic interactions | [48] |
15 | α-Fe/Fe3C | 194.11 | COOH, OH, aromatic moiety | Tetracycline hydrochloride | pH = 6, T = 25 °C | 158.9 | π-π stacking interactions, cation-π bonding, H-bonding | [370] |
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Isaeva, V.I.; Vedenyapina, M.D.; Kurmysheva, A.Y.; Weichgrebe, D.; Nair, R.R.; Nguyen, N.P.T.; Kustov, L.M. Modern Carbon–Based Materials for Adsorptive Removal of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater. Molecules 2021, 26, 6628. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216628
Isaeva VI, Vedenyapina MD, Kurmysheva AY, Weichgrebe D, Nair RR, Nguyen NPT, Kustov LM. Modern Carbon–Based Materials for Adsorptive Removal of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater. Molecules. 2021; 26(21):6628. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216628
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsaeva, Vera I., Marina D. Vedenyapina, Alexandra Yu. Kurmysheva, Dirk Weichgrebe, Rahul Ramesh Nair, Ngoc Phuong Thanh Nguyen, and Leonid M. Kustov. 2021. "Modern Carbon–Based Materials for Adsorptive Removal of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater" Molecules 26, no. 21: 6628. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216628