Phosphate and Ammonium Removal from Wastewaters Using Natural-Based Innovative Bentonites Impacting on Resource Recovery and Circular Economy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. SEM
2.2. Efficiency of f-MB in Phosphate and Ammonium Removal
2.2.1. Synthetic Wastewaters (SWW)
2.2.2. Real Wastewaters (RWW)
2.2.3. Dairy Wastewaters (DWW)
2.2.4. Regeneration and Reuse f-MB for P and N Removal from Wastewaters
2.2.5. P and N Release Experiments for Sustainable Applications of f-MB
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents
3.2. Phosphate and Ammonium Adsorption Batch Experiments
3.2.1. Synthetic Wastewater (SWW)
3.2.2. Real Domestic Wastewaters (RDW)
3.2.3. Dairy Wastewaters (DWW)
3.3. Desorption Studies
3.3.1. Regeneration and Reuse f-MB for P & N Removal from Wastewaters
3.3.2. Slow-Release P in Soil
3.4. SEM Analysis
4. Conclusions
- ▪
- The natural-based innovative f-MB was highly efficient for simultaneous P and N removal from wastewaters at a wide range of pH values (5–9). Compared with other various materials commonly used for phosphate adsorption from wastewaters, f-MB exhibits higher adsorption capacity (Table 3). In addition, the simultaneous removal of P and N by Fe-modified bentonite is an additional advantage over other materials that are unable to adsorb phosphate and ammonium ions simultaneously and are usually selective concerning P or N (Table 3). For example, the material shows more than three times the adsorptive capacity of La-modified bentonite and over twice the adsorptive capacity of Fe-Al pillared bentonite (Table 3). From the overview in the literature, it can be concluded that our material shows high efficiency, which is in the same order of magnitude as materials, such as iron oxide/zeolite, while it is significantly superior to most materials mentioned in the literature (Table 3). The clay used appeared to be quite efficient in adsorbing phosphate and ammonium under different types of wastewaters, such as municipal/domestic wastewaters and dairy wastewaters.
- ▪
- f-MB can be effectively regenerated by NaHCO3 treatment using the adsorption/desorption method. The modified clay f-MB achieved the phosphate and NH4+ recovery rates of 80% and 78.5%, respectively.
- ▪
- f-MB can slowly release the largest proportion of phosphate and ammonium ions for a long time, thus extending the application as a slow-release fertilizer and soil improver.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Model | Equation | Parameter | pH 5 | pH 6 | pH 7 | pH 8 | pH 9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | qm | 24.54 | 25.09 | 26.13 | 24.28 | 23.21 | ||
H2PO4−/HPO42− | b | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.72 | 0.56 | ||
R2 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | |||
qm | 131.8 | 145.7 | 168.5 | 156.7 | 159.6 | |||
NH4+ | Langmuir | b | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.011 | |
R2 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Parameters | RDW | DWW |
---|---|---|
Total solids (%) | 3.0 | 5.9 |
Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.82 | 10.47 |
Ammonium (mg/L) | 11.56 | 120.14 |
BOD (mg/L) | 145 | 58 |
COD (mg/L) | 188 | 64 |
Calcium (mg/L) | 52.3 | - |
Magnesium (mg/L) | 16.4 | - |
Potassium (mg/L) | 17.7 | - |
Sodium (mg/L) | 164 | - |
Temperature (°C) | 20 | 23.4 |
pH | 7.8 | 4.12 |
Adsorbent | Qm Phosphate (mg/g) | Qm Ammonium (mg/g) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Modified palygorskite-bentonite clay | 1.74 | 12.87 | [64] |
Hydroxy-Fe-Al pillared bentonite | 10.5 | - | [65] |
Lanthanum-modified zeolite | 6.6 | - | [66] |
Modified bentonite | - | 5.85 | [67] |
Al-bentonite | 12.7 | - | [65] |
Iron oxide/zeolite | 38.91 | 3.74 | [68] |
Natural halloysite | - | 1.66 | [69] |
La-modified clinoptilolite | 8.3 | - | [66] |
Natural Ca-bentonite | 0.5 | - | [70] |
Calcite | 6 | - | [71] |
Natural bentonite (Algerian) | - | 19.01 | [72] |
Potassium clinoptilolite | 6.8 | 29.0 | [73] |
Fe-modified bentonite f-MB | 26.13 | 168.5 | This study |
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Zamparas, M.; Kyriakopoulos, G.L.; Drosos, M.; Kapsalis, V.C. Phosphate and Ammonium Removal from Wastewaters Using Natural-Based Innovative Bentonites Impacting on Resource Recovery and Circular Economy. Molecules 2021, 26, 6684. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216684
Zamparas M, Kyriakopoulos GL, Drosos M, Kapsalis VC. Phosphate and Ammonium Removal from Wastewaters Using Natural-Based Innovative Bentonites Impacting on Resource Recovery and Circular Economy. Molecules. 2021; 26(21):6684. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216684
Chicago/Turabian StyleZamparas, Miltiadis, Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, Marios Drosos, and Vasilis C. Kapsalis. 2021. "Phosphate and Ammonium Removal from Wastewaters Using Natural-Based Innovative Bentonites Impacting on Resource Recovery and Circular Economy" Molecules 26, no. 21: 6684. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216684