Recent Developments in Chitosan-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Pollutants from Aqueous Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chitosan
2.1. Source and Production
2.1.1. Enzymatic Methods
2.1.2. Alkaline Methods
2.2. Structure and Properties
2.2.1. Deacetylation Degree
2.2.2. Molecular Weight
Material | Chitosan MW (kDa) | TS (MPa) | EB (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chitosan film | 6.55 | 8.67 ± 1.72 | 32.53 ± 4.78 | [101] |
12.93 | 12.05 ± 2.24 | 35.52 ± 6.32 | ||
47.70 | 11.51 ± 2.25 | 25.74 ± 3.69 | ||
Chitosan coated cellulose paper | 25.00 | 9.70 ± 1.50 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | [103] |
2100 | 13.40 ± 1.50 | 6.9 ± 0.5 | ||
Chitosan film | 101.0 | 22.30 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 0.2 | [89] |
153.6 | 29.50 ± 0.1 | 11.4 ± 0.2 | ||
201.7 | 39.80 ± 0.1 | 15.7 ± 0.2 | ||
Chitosan-starch composite film | LMW | 5.77 ± 0.62 | 9.04 ± 1.42 | [104] |
MMW | 20.90 ± 3.52 | 4.67 ± 0.58 | ||
HMW | 22.30 ± 2.21 | 9.09 ± 0.42 |
2.2.3. Solubility
2.2.4. Surface Area and Particle Size
3. Chitosan Supports
3.1. Chitosan Combined with Carbon-Based Materials
3.1.1. Chitosan/Graphene Composites
Magnetic Chitosan/GO
Chitosan/rGO
Chitosan with 3D Graphene, Graphene Aerogels, Foams and Sponges
Chitosan/GO with Other Additives
3.1.2. Chitosan/Carbon Nanotubes
3.1.3. Chitosan/Biochar
3.1.4. Chitosan/Activated Carbon
3.2. Chitosan Combined with Inorganic Adsorbent Materials
4. Adsorption and Removal of Pollutants
4.1. Adsorption Models and Adsorption Kinetics
4.2. A Comparison of the Chitosan Supported Composites in the Adsorption of Pollutants
Adsorbent | Adsorbate | pH | Ads. Capacity /mg g−1 | Kinetic Model | Isotherm Model | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CS/Silica | V(V) | 6.5 | 16 | - | - | [329] |
Mesoporous | Cu(II) | 6.5 | 21 | - | - | |
Pb(II) | 6.5 | 22 | - | - | ||
Cd(II) | 6.5 | 12 | - | - | ||
Hg(II) | 6.5 | 13 | - | - | ||
MCS/Silica/ PAM | Cu(II) | 5.0 | 43 | PSO | Langmuir | [356] |
Pb(II) | 5.0 | 63 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
Hg(II) | 5.0 | 263 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
CS/SBA-15 | Pb(II) | 5.0 | 57 | PSO | Langmuir | [357] |
MCS/SBA-15 | Cu(II) | 6.0 | 107 | PSO | Langmuir | [333] |
Zn(II) | 6.0 | 100 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
MCS/SBA-15 | Zn(II) | 6.0 | 107 | PSO | Langmuir | [358] |
CS/Silica | Hg(II) | 6.0 | 204 | Langmuir | [359] | |
As(V) | 6.0 | 198 | Freundlich | |||
CS/KCC-1 | Pb(II) | 9.0 | 168 | PSO | Langmuir | [360] |
MSC/Silica | Cu(II) | 5.0 | 73 | PSO | Langmuir | [361] |
SC/Silica | Cr(VI) | 3.0 | 9 | PSO | Langmuir | [362] |
MSC/Silica | Cu(II) | 6.0 | 350 | - | Freundlich | [363] |
MSC/Silica aerogel | Cd(II) | 8.0 | 71 | PSO | Langmuir | [364] |
CS/GO/Silica | Pb(II) | 6.0 | 256 | PSO | Langmuir | [225] |
MCS/Silica | Cr(III) | 4.0 | 39 | PSO | Bi-langmuir | [317] |
Adsorbent | Adsorbate | pH | Ads. Capacity | Kinetic Model | Isotherm Model | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CS/GO | MB | 5.3 | 95 | PSO | Langmuir | [155] |
MCS/GO β-CD | MB | - | 84 | PSO | Langmuir | [204] |
CS/GO monoliths | MO | 4.2 | 567 | PSO | No fit | [371] |
MCS/GO | Acid orange | 3.0 | 42 | PSO | Langmuir | [372] |
MCS/GO | MO | 4.0 | 398 | PSO | Langmuir | [373] |
CS/GO aerogel | MO | 4.0 | 686 | PSO | - | [197] |
Amido black | 4.0 | 573 | PSO | - | ||
CS/GOβ-CD | MB | 12.0 | 1134 | PSO | Freundlich | [200] |
CS/GO aerogel | Metanil yellow | 6.8 | 430 | PSO | Langmuir | [365] |
CS/GO aerogels | Indigo carmine | 6.8 | 534 | - | Langmuir | [198] |
MB | 7.0 | 168 | - | Langmuir | ||
CS/GO/Ligno-sulfonate aerogel | MB | 7.0 | 1023 | PSO | Langmuir | [221] |
CS/GO/ Cellulose | MB | 6.0 | 3190 | PSO | Langmuir | [230] |
MCS/GOCS-EDTA | Rhodamine B | 7.5 | 1085 | PSO | Langmuir | [367] |
CS/GO aerogel | Congo red | 7.0 | 384 | PSO | Langmuir | [374] |
MCS/GO | MB | 8.5 | 2478 | PFO | Sips | [170] |
MCS/CNT | Congo red | 6.0 | 262 | PSO | Langmuir | [375] |
MCS/CNT | Acid red | 3.0 | 809 | PSO | R−P. Freundlich | [376] |
MSC/CNT/ SiO2 | DB 71 | 6.8 | 61 | PSO | Langmuir | [377] |
RB 19 | 2.0 | 97 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
CS/CNT | DB 71 | 6.2 | 29 | PSO | Langmuir | [378] |
FdR17 | 3.0 | 1508 | Avrami | Langmuir | [241] | |
FdB1 | 3.0 | 1480 | Avrami | Langmuir | ||
CS/CNT/GO | Rhodamine B | - | 9.6 | PSO | - | [215] |
CS/CNT | Phenol | 6.5 | 404 | PSO | Dubinin-Radushkevic | [60] |
CS/AC | Crystal violet | 9.0 | 12.5 (323K) | PSO | Langmuir and Freundlich | [283] |
CS/AC | FBL2 | 3.0 | 155 | Avrami | - | [286] |
CS/AC | FR17 | 3.0 | 133 | Avrami | - | |
CS/AC/PVA | MB | 6.0 | 468 | PFO | Langmuir and Freundlich | [294] |
CS/AC/PEG | MB | 7.0 | 424 | PSO | Langmuir | [295] |
CS/AC mesoporous | Thionine | 3–11 | 61 | PSO | Freundlich | [305] |
CS/AC | Indigo carmine | 3.0 | 208 | PSO | Langmuir and Freundlich | [279] |
CS/AC with Carica papaya seeds | MB | 8.0 | 302 | PSO Elovich | Langmuir | [379] |
CS/AC/hexa-decylamine | RB 5 | 4.0 | 666 | PSO | Freundlich | [380] |
CS/AC/ Cellulose | Tylosin | 7.0 | 59 | PSO | Langmuir | [381] |
CS/Silica | Acid Red 88 | 7.0 | 25 | PSO | Langmuir | [320] |
MCS/Silica/ Glu | MB | 5.0 | 185 | PSO | Langmuir | [382] |
Crystal violet | 5.0 | 390 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
Light yellow | 5.0 | 228 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
MCS/Silica | Rhodamine B | - | 191 | - | Langmuir | [383] |
CS/Silica/ ZnO | MB | 7.0 | 293 | - | Langmuir | [384] |
CS/Silica/ PVA | Direct Red 80 | 2.0 | 322 | PSO | Langmuir | [385] |
CS/GO | Tetracycline | 9.0 | 1130 | PFO | Temkin | [196] |
MCS/GO | Rifampicin | 5.0 | 102 | PSO | Langmuir | [176] |
CS/GO | Ciprofloxacin | 7.0 | 5.3 | - | Langmuir | [227] |
Ofloxacin | 7.0 | 8.3 | - | Langmuir | ||
MCS/rGO | Cefixime | 6.4 | 30 | - | Freundlich | [187] |
CS/CNT | Diazinon | 5.5 | 222 | PSO | Sips | [240] |
CS/BC beads | Ciprofloxacin | 3.0 | 76 | PSO | Langmuir | [386] |
CS/BC | Ciprofloxacin | 7.0 | 106 | PSO | Langmuir | [272] |
Enrofloxacin | 7.0 | 100 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
MCS/AC | Ciprofloxacin | - | 90 | PSO | Langmuir | [299] |
Erythromycin | - | 178 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
Amoxicillin | - | 526 | PSO | Langmuir |
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physicochemical properties |
|
Biological properties |
|
Form | DD (%) | Properties | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Films | 82, 80–85, 100 | Crystallinity, tensile strength, % elongation, swelling index | Crystallinity and tensile strength increased, while % elongation and swelling index decreased with increase in DD (highest MW) | [75] |
Powder | 76–92 | Thermal degradation | Thermal stability decreased with increase in DD | [76] |
Films | 70–95 | Crystallinity, tensile strength, % elongation, swelling index | Crystallinity and tensile strength increased with increase in DD, swelling index decreased with increase in DD; % elongation increased when the DD increased from 70% to 80% and decreased when the DD increased from 80% to 95% | [77] |
Microspheres | 48, 62, 75 | Swelling index | Swelling index increased with increase in DD | [78] |
Membranes | 75, 87, 96 | Crystallinity, swelling index, tensile strength, % elongation | 87% DD presented lower crystallinity and mechanical properties, but higher swelling index than 75% or 96% DD | [79] |
Nanofibers | 59, 76, 85 | Thermal degradation | Thermal stability decreased with increase in DD | [80] |
Films | 15–70 | Tensile strength, % elongation | Tensile strength, and % elongation increased with increase in DD | [81] |
Sponge | 58, 73, 82, 88, 91 | Swelling index, tensile strength | Swelling index increased and tensile strength decreased with increase in DD | [82] |
Films | 72–85 | Crystallinity, tensile strength, % elongation, degradation rate | Crystallinity increased and tensile strength decreased with increase in DD, % elongation decreased when the DD was increased from 72% to 75% and decreased when it increased from 75% to 85%. No difference in degradation rates | [83] |
Beads | 83,94,96 | Tensile strength, thermal degradation | Tensile strength, thermal stability increased with increased in DD | [84] |
System | Surface Area/m2 g−1 | Pore Size /nm | Pore Volume/cm3 g−1 | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
CS | 130.2 | 3.98 | 0.482 | [331] |
CS/silica (electrospun) | 272.3 | 3.52 | 0.431 | |
SBA-15 | 809.4 | 6.6 | 1.10 | [332] |
SBA-15 (10% CS) | 653.9 | 6.6 | 0.90 | |
SBA-15 (20% CS) | 461.9 | 6.7 | 0.80 | |
CS | 150 | - | 0.753 | [312] |
CS/silica (43% CS) | 342 | - | 1.092 | |
Silica | 739 | - | 3.645 | |
SBA-15 | 876 | 7.8 | 1.30 | [333] |
SBA-15/CS/Fe2O3 | 446 | 6.7 | 0.90 | |
CS/silica (81.3% Si) | 357.3 | 8.18 | 0.730 | [325] |
CS/silica (74.4% Si) | 309.7 | 6.19 | 0.479 | |
CS/silica (59.9% Si) | 268.1 | 6.08 | 0.407 |
Adsorbent | Adsorbate | pH | Ads. Cap./mg g−1 | Kinetic Model | Isotherm Model | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CS/GO-SH | Cd(II) | 5.0 | 177 | PSO | Freundlich | [339] |
Pb(II) | 5.0 | 447 | PSO | Freundlich | ||
Cu(II) | 5.0 | 425 | PSO | Freundlich | ||
CS/GO | Cu(II) | 6.0 | 254 | PSO | Langmuir | [195] |
CS/GO aerogel | Cu(II) | 6.0 | 407 | PSO | Langmuir | |
CS/GOnano-fibrous | Pb(II) | 6.0 | 461 | Double-exp | R–P | [337] |
Cu(II) | 6.0 | 423 | Double-exp | R–P | ||
Cr(VI) | 3.0 | 310 | Double-exp | R–P | ||
MCS/GO with EDTA | Pb(II) | 5.0 | 206 | PSO | Langmuir | [336] |
Cu(II) | 5.5 | 207 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
As (III) | 8.0 | 43 | PSO | Freundlich | ||
MCS/GO | Cu(II) | 7.0 | 217 | PSO | Langmuir | [340] |
MCS/GO | As(III) | 7.3 | 2.3 | PSO | Langmuir | [341] |
CS/GO/MOF | Cr(VI) | 3.0 | 144 | PSO | Langmuir | [217] |
MCS/GO | Cr(VI) | 2.0 | 270 | PSO | Langmuir | [342] |
MSC/GO with IL | Pb(II) | 5.0 | 85 | PSO | Langmuir | [343] |
MSC/GO gel beads | Cd(II) | 6.0 | 86 | PSO | Langmuir | [228] |
Pb(II) | 5.0 | 189 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
Cu(II) | 5.0 | 55 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
MSC/3D-GO | Pb(II) | 8.5 | 957 | - | - | [344] |
CS-GO/CMC aerogel | Cr(VI) | - | 127 | - | Langmuir | [230] |
MCS/GO | Cr(VI) | 2.0 | 100 | PSO | Freundlich | [345] |
CS/GO | U(VI) | 6.0 | 78 | PSO | Freundlich | [346] |
MCS/3D graphene | Pb(II) | 8.5 | 947 | - | - | [344] |
CS/GO-PVA | Cd(II) | 8.0 | 172 | PSO | Langmuir | |
CS/GO-PVA | Ni(II) | 8.0 | 71 | PSO | Langmuir | [347] |
MCS/GO-EDTA | Pb(II) | 8.3 | 666 | PFO | Langmuir | [172] |
CS/GO gel | Pb(II) | 6.0 | 470 | PSO | Langmuir | [348] |
CS/GO-silica | Pb(II) | 6.0 | 256 | PSO | Langmuir | [225] |
Adsorbent | Adsorbate | pH | Ads. Cap./ mg g−1 | Kinetic Model | Isotherm Model | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CS/CNT/ CoFe2O4 | Pb(II) | 6.0 | 140 | PSO | Langmuir | [245] |
MCS/CNT | Pb(II) | 5.0 | 101 | PSO | Sips | [246] |
CS/CNT/PDA | Cu(II) | 7.0 | 112 | PSO | Langmuir | [233] |
CS/CNT | Cu(II) | 7.0 | 115 | PSO | Langmuir | [349] |
CS/CNT at 293 K | Cr(VI) | 2.0 | 142 | PSO | Langmuir | [350] |
at 303 K | Cr(VI) | 2.0 | 151 | PSO | Langmuir | |
at 313 K | Cr(VI) | 2.0 | 164 | PSO | Langmuir | |
CS/CNT/PB | Cs(I) | 6.0 | 219 | PSO | Freundlich | [249] |
Sr(II) | 6.0 | 205 | PSO | Freundlich | ||
CS/CNT | U(VI) | 4.0 | 126 | PSO | Langmuir | [351] |
MCS/CNT | Cr(III) | 4.0 | 66 | PSO | Langmuir | [352] |
Cr(VI) | 4.0 | 449 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
CS/BC/ PMDA | Cu(II) | 5.0 | 96 | PSO | Langmuir | [261] |
Pb(II) | 5.0 | 13 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
Cd(II) | 5.0 | 38 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
CS/BC/β-CD | Cr(VI) | 2.0 | 206 | PSO | Freundlich | [263] |
MCS/BC | Cr(VI) | 3.0 | 30 | PSO | Freundlich | [353] |
Cu(II) | 5.8 | 54 | PSO | Freundlich | ||
CS/BC | Hg(II) | 3.0 | 594 | PSO | Langmuir | [258] |
Pb(II) | 5.0 | 210 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
CS/BC/PAA | Mn(II) | 3–7 | 139 | PSO | Langmuir | [262] |
Co(II) | 3–7 | 135 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
Pb(II) | 3–7 | 476 | PSO | Langmuir | ||
CS/BC/Clay | Cu(II) | 5.0 | 121 | Elovich | Freundlich | [354] |
Pb(II) | 5.0 | 336 | PSO | Temkin | ||
Zn(II) | 5.0 | 134 | Elovich | Freundlich | ||
CS/AC | Zn(II) | 6.0 | 60 | - | Langmuir | [281] |
CS/AC | Cr(VI) | 5.0 | 84 | PSO | Langmuir | [282] |
CS/AC | Pb(II) | 5.0 | 125 | PFO | Freundlich | [287] |
Cd(II) | 5.0 | 69 | PFO | Freundlich | ||
CS/PEO/AC | Fe(III) | 3.0 | 217 | - | Langmuir/ | [355] |
Cu(II) | 5.0 | 195 | - | Freundlich | ||
CS/AC | Hg(II) | 7.0 | 576 | - | Langmuir | [289] |
CS/AC/PVA | Cr(VI) | 2.0 | 109 | PSO | Langmuir | [293] |
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da Silva Alves, D.C.; Healy, B.; Pinto, L.A.d.A.; Cadaval, T.R.S., Jr.; Breslin, C.B. Recent Developments in Chitosan-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Pollutants from Aqueous Environments. Molecules 2021, 26, 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030594
da Silva Alves DC, Healy B, Pinto LAdA, Cadaval TRS Jr., Breslin CB. Recent Developments in Chitosan-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Pollutants from Aqueous Environments. Molecules. 2021; 26(3):594. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030594
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Silva Alves, Daniele C., Bronach Healy, Luiz A. de Almeida Pinto, Tito R. Sant’Anna Cadaval, Jr., and Carmel B. Breslin. 2021. "Recent Developments in Chitosan-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Pollutants from Aqueous Environments" Molecules 26, no. 3: 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030594