Selenium Biofortification: Roles, Mechanisms, Responses and Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Natural Form of Selenium and Its Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms
2.1. Natural Form
2.2. Selenium Deficiency Symptoms
2.2.1. Symptoms in Human
2.2.2. Symptoms in Animals
2.3. Selenium Toxicity
2.3.1. Toxicity in Humans and Animals
2.3.2. Selenium Phytotoxicity
3. Importance of Selenium for Global Human Nutritional Security in the 21st Century
3.1. Health Benefits of Selenium for Humans
3.1.1. Selenium is a Strong Antioxidant
3.1.2. Selenium Reduces the Risk of Some Cancers
3.1.3. Selenium Protects Against Cardiovascular Problems
3.1.4. Selenium May Improve Some Mental Illnesses
3.1.5. Selenium Is Beneficial for Thyroid Health
3.1.6. Se Strengthens Immunity and May Reduce Breathing Difficulties
3.1.7. Finland Case Study: Selenium Biofortification of Human and Livestock Feed Crops
3.2. Importance of Selenium for Both Plants and Animals
3.2.1. For Plants
3.2.2. For Animals
4. Biofortification—A Sustainable Agricultural Strategy for Reducing Micronutrient Malnutrition
Locations | Soil Types | pH (H2O) | Total Soil Se µg/kg | Se in Cereal Grain µg/kg | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yangshuo, China | Ishumiso | 8.3 | 700 | 20 | Lyons et al. [113] Zhu et al. [116] |
Minnipa, South Australia | Calcareous Xerochrepts | 8.6 | 80 | 720 | Lyons et al. [113] Williams et al. [117] |
Charlick, South Australia | Typic Natrixeralf | 6.6 | 85 | 70 | Lyons et al. [113] Thavarajah et al. [118] |
East Zimbabwe | Typic Kandiustalf (ex-granitic parent material) | 5.0 | 30.000 | 7 | Lyons et al. [113] Winkel et al. [119] Fordyce et al. [120] |
4.1. Selenium Biofortification through Agronomic Management
4.1.1. Selenium Biofortification through Direct Soil Fertilization with Inorganic Fertilizers
4.1.2. Selenium Biofortification through the Foliar Application with Inorganic Fertilizers
4.1.3. Selenium Biofortification through Organic Fertilizers
4.2. Success of Selenium Biofortification in Food Crops Depends on a Better Understanding of the Genetic Variation of Crop Cultivars
4.3. Crop Breeding Assisted by Selenium Biofortification
4.4. Molecular and Genetic Engineering for Selenium Biofortification
4.4.1. Biofortification of Selenium through Molecular Approaches
4.4.2. Biofortification of Selenium through Genetic Engineering and Transgenics
4.5. Selenium Biofortification of Crops by Beneficial Microorganisms
4.5.1. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Root Endophytic Fungi
4.5.2. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
5. Mechanisms to Uptake and Accumulate Selenium in Plants
5.1. Uptake Mechanisms
5.2. Accumulation Mechanisms
6. Prospects of Selenium Biofortification
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Syndrome | Clinical Features |
---|---|
White Muscle Disease | Acute onset, stiffness, skeletal or cardiac muscles affected. |
Reproductive performance | The retained fetal membrane in dairy cows. |
Abortion, Still-births | Late third trimester abortions and stillbirths |
Myodegeneration of cattle (adult) | Myocardial fibrosis, myoglobinuria weakness |
Infertility in cattle and sheep | Decreased conception rate, early embryonic death |
Diarrhoea | Diarrhoea, weight loss in young and adult cattle |
Age | Male | Female | Pregnancy | Lactation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Birth to 6 months | 15 mcg * | 15 mcg * | ||
7–12 months | 20 mcg * | 20 mcg * | ||
1–3 years | 20 mcg | 20 mcg | ||
4–8 years | 30 mcg | 30 mcg | ||
9–13 years | 40 mcg | 40 mcg | ||
14–18 years | 55 mcg | 55 mcg | 60 mcg | 70 mcg |
19–50 years | 55 mcg | 55 mcg | 60 mcg | 70 mcg |
51+ years | 55 mcg | 55 mcg |
Years | Case Study | References |
---|---|---|
1970 | East Karelia has the highest heart disease rates in the world | Aro et al. [89] |
Low available Se in soils. | ||
Se supplementation of livestock feeds commences | ||
Heart disease (especially in men) begins to decline | ||
1984 | National Se biofortification program commences | Broadley et al. [87] |
1987 | Se in spring wheat grain increases from 10 (pre-1984) to 250 µg/kg | Eurola et al. [90]. |
Human Se intake trebles | ||
Human plasma Se level doubles (55 to 107 µg/kg) | Broadley et al. [88]. | |
Heart disease continues to decline | ||
2010 | Heart disease relatively low (resulting from reduced smoking, improved diet and exercise, and possibly higher Se status) | Mäkelä et al. [91] |
No detrimental effects of Se observed | Varo et al. [92] | |
Se still added to crop fertilizers at 10 mg/kg |
Host Plants | AMF | References |
---|---|---|
Allium sativum | Glomus fasciculatum | Patharajan and Raaman [212] |
Allium sativum | Glomus irtraradices | Larsen et al. [205,213] |
Lolium perenne, Allium sativum, Medicago sativa, Glycine max, Zea mays | Glomus mosseae | Patharajan and Raaman [212]; Yu et al. [214] |
Glomus versiform | Triticum aestivum | Luo et al. [215] |
Lactuca sativa, Asparagus officinalis, Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa | Rhizophagus intraradices | Sanmartin et al. [216] |
Host Plants | Root Endophytic Fungi | References |
---|---|---|
Stanleya pinnata | Alternaria seleniiphila | Lindblom et al. [211] |
Astragalus bisulcatus | Alternaria astragali | |
Stanleya pinnata | Aspergillus leporis | |
Astragalus racemosus | Fusarium acuminatum | |
Allium cepa | Trichoderma harzianum | Sanmartin et al. [216] |
Host Plants | PGPRB | References |
---|---|---|
Triticum aestivum | Acinetobacter sp. | Durán et al. [227] |
Ricinus communis, Glycine max | Alcaligenes faecalis | Trivedi et al. [226] |
Triticum aestivum | Anabaena sp. | Abadin et al. [225] |
Arabidopsis thaliana | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Wang et al. [228] |
Triticum aestivum | Bacillus axarquiens | Durán et al. [227] |
Triticum aestivum | Bacillus cereus | Yasin et al. [207] |
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Hossain, A.; Skalicky, M.; Brestic, M.; Maitra, S.; Sarkar, S.; Ahmad, Z.; Vemuri, H.; Garai, S.; Mondal, M.; Bhatt, R.; et al. Selenium Biofortification: Roles, Mechanisms, Responses and Prospects. Molecules 2021, 26, 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040881
Hossain A, Skalicky M, Brestic M, Maitra S, Sarkar S, Ahmad Z, Vemuri H, Garai S, Mondal M, Bhatt R, et al. Selenium Biofortification: Roles, Mechanisms, Responses and Prospects. Molecules. 2021; 26(4):881. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040881
Chicago/Turabian StyleHossain, Akbar, Milan Skalicky, Marian Brestic, Sagar Maitra, Sukamal Sarkar, Zahoor Ahmad, Hindu Vemuri, Sourav Garai, Mousumi Mondal, Rajan Bhatt, and et al. 2021. "Selenium Biofortification: Roles, Mechanisms, Responses and Prospects" Molecules 26, no. 4: 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040881