Green Synthesis and Applications of ZnO and TiO2 Nanostructures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Green Synthesis Methods of TiO2 and ZnO Nanostructures
2.1. Sol-Gel Synthesis
2.1.1. Green Sol-Gel Synthesis Approach for ZnO Nanostructures
2.1.2. Green Sol-Gel Synthesis Approach for TiO2 Nanostructures
2.2. Co-Precipitation Method
2.2.1. Green Co-Precipitation Synthesis Approach for TiO2 Nanostructures
2.2.2. Green Co-Precipitation Synthesis Approach for ZnO Nanostructures
2.3. Hydrothermal Method
2.3.1. Green Hydrothermal Synthesis for ZnO Nanostructures
2.3.2. Green Hydrothermal Synthesis for TiO2 Nanostructures
2.4. Solvothermal Method
2.4.1. Green Solvothermal Synthesis Approach for ZnO Nanostructures
2.4.2. Green Solvothermal Synthesis Approach for TiO2 Nanostructures
3. Applications of TiO2 and ZnO Nanostructures
3.1. Gas Sensor Applications
3.2. Photocatalysis Applications
3.3. Supercapacitor Application
3.4. Solar Cell Application
3.5. Photocatalytic Water Splitting Application
4. Conclusions and Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Gel | Bonding | Source | Gel Schematic |
---|---|---|---|
Colloidal | Particles connected by Van der Waals or hydrogen bonding | Metal oxides or hydroxide sols | |
Metal-oxane polymer | Inorganic polymers connected via covalent or intermolecular bonding | Hydrolysis or condensation of metal alkoxides, e.g., SiO2 from tetramethyl orthosilicate | |
Metal complex | Weakly interconnected metal complexes | Concentrated metal complex solution, e.g., aqueous metal citrate or ethanolic metal urea often form resins or glassy solids rather than gels | |
Polymer complex I in situ polymerizable complex (“Pechini” method) | Organic polymers interconnected by covalent or coordinate bonding | Polyesterification between polyhydroxy alcohol (e.g., ethylene glycol) and carboxylic acid with metal complex (e.g., metal-citrate) | |
Polymer complex II coordinating and crosslinking polymers | Organic polymers interconnected by coordinate and intermolecular bonding | Coordinating polymer (e.g., alginate) and metal salt solution (typically aqueous) | |
Morphology/Shape | Plant Source | Zinc Precursor | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Quasi-spherical | Agathosma betulina | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [43] |
Hexagonal | Allium sativum, Allium cepa, and Petroselinum crispum | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [44] |
Spherical | Aloe barbadensis miller | Zinc nitrate solution | [45] |
Spherical, oval, and hexagonal | Aloe vera | ZnSO4 | [46] |
Not Reported | Aloe vera | Zinc nitrate, sodium hydroxide | [47] |
Hexagonal | Anchusa italic | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [48] |
Hexagonal | Anisochilus carnosus | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [49] |
Spherical | Artocarpus gomezianus | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [50] |
Spherical | Aspalathus linearis | ZnNO3, ZnCl2, and Zn-ammonium hydrate | [51] |
Spherical | Azadirachta indica | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [52] |
Various morphologies | Azadirachta indica | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [53] |
Rod-shaped | Black tea | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [54] |
Spherical | Boswellia ovalifoliolata | Zinc nitrate solution | [55] |
Spherical and granular | Calotropis procera | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [56] |
Hexagonal | Caralluma fimbriata | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [57] |
Nano-flowers | Carica papaya | Zinc nitrate | [58] |
Hexagonal | Carica papaya | Zinc nitrate solution | [59] |
Flower-shaped NPs | Carissa edulis | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [60] |
Spherical | Cassia fistula | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [61] |
Spherical | Citrus aurantifolia | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [62] |
Pyramid-like | Citrus aurantifolia | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [63] |
Hexagonal | Coffee | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [64] |
Polyhedron | Corymbia citriodora | Zinc nitrate solution | [65] |
NPs | Heritiera fomes and Sonneratia apetala | Zinc chloride | [66] |
NPs | Jacaranda mimosifolia | Zinc gluconate hydrate | [67] |
Spherical and hexagonal | L. leschenaultiana | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [68] |
Spherical | Limonia acidissima L. | Zinc nitrate solution | [69] |
NR | Mimosa pudica | Zinc acetate dehydrate | [64] |
Needle-like | Nephelium lappaceum | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [70] |
Spherical | Nephelium lappaceum L. | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [71] |
Hexagonal | Ocimum basilicum L. var. purpurascens | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [72] |
Spherical | Parthenium hysterophorous | Zinc nitrate solution | [73] |
Spherical and hexagonal | Parthenium hysterophorus L. | Zinc nitrate solution | [74] |
Spherical | Phyllanthus niruri | Zinc nitrate solution | [75] |
Triangular | Physalis alkekengi L. | Zinc contaminated soil | [76] |
Spherical and hexagonal | Plectranthus amboinicus | Zinc nitrate solution | [77] |
Rod-shaped | Plectranthus amboinicus | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [78] |
Spherical | Polygala tenuifolia | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [79] |
Spherical | Pongamia pinnata | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [80] |
Spherical | Rosa canina | Zinc nitrate solution | [81] |
Columnar | Sedum alfredii | ZnSO4 | [82] |
Hexagonal | Solanum nigrum | Zinc nitrate solution | [83] |
Spherical | Terminalia chebula | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [84] |
Spherical | Tribulus terrestris | Zinc oxide powder | [85] |
Not Reported | Trifolium pratense | ZnO powder | [86] |
Spherical | Vitex negundo | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [87] |
Spherical | Vitex trifolia L. | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | [88] |
Material | Green Synthesis | Reactant | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
TiO2 | Lagenaria siceraria and Pithecellobium dulce leaf | Titanium tetraisopropoxide, isopropanol, acetic acid, and ethanol | [92] |
TiO2 | A. altissima leaf extracts | Titanic acid and water | [93] |
TiO2 | Leaf extract of L. siceraria | Titanium (IV)-isopropoxide, ammonia, glacial acetic acid, and ethanol | [94] |
TiO2 | Jatropha curcas L. | TiCl4, ammonia | [95] |
TiO2 | Acanthophyllum laxiusculum SchimanCzeika roots | Titanium tetraisopropoxide(TTIP), 2-propanol, nitric acid | [96] |
TiO2 | Pista Shell, Tamarind Seed, Corn Pith | Isopropanol, titanium tetraisopropoxide, acetic acid (2%) | [97] |
TiO2 | Green tea extract powder | Titanium isopropoxide, isopropanol | [98] |
Morphology | Zinc Precursor | Plant/Part Used | Role of Biocomponents | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spherical NPs | Zinc acetate dihydrate | Azadirachta indica/leaf | Reducing and stabilizing agent | [111] |
Flower-like structures | Zinc acetate dehydrate | Laurus nobilis/leaf | Reducing and cap** agent | [112] |
Quasi-spherical NPs | Hydrated zinc nitrate | Agathosma betulina/leaf | Oxidizing/reducing chemical agent | [43] |
Spherical NPs | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | Tabernaemontana divaricata/leaf | Cap** and chelating agents | [113] |
Spherical NPs | Zinc acetate dihydrate | Carica papaya/leaf | Cap** and reducing agent | [114] |
Spherical NPs | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | NepheliumLappaceum L./fruit | Natural ligation agent | [71] |
Nanoflowers | Zinc chloride | Typha latifolia. L./leaf | Reduction agent | [115] |
Flower-like structure | Zinc acetate | Kalopanax septemlobus/barks | Reducing and cap** agent | [116] |
Rod-like and spherical NPs | Zinc nitrate | Bambusa vulgaris and Artabotrys hexapetalu/leaf | Reducing agent | [117] |
Flower-like structure, cauliflower-like, and nanoflowers | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | Zea mays, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Punica granatum/husk, peel and peel | Cap** agent | [118] |
Flower-like nanostructures | Zinc acetate | Cyanometra ramiflora/leaf | Reducing agent | [119] |
Spherical NPs | Hydrated zinc chloride | Broccoli/leaf | Cap** agent | [120] |
Nanoflowers | Zinc acetate | Citrullus lanatus/rind | Reducing agent | [121] |
Tetrameric structured NPs | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | Amomum longiligulare/fruit | Reducing and stabilizing agent | [122] |
Hexagonal NPs | Zinc nitrate tetrahydrate | Andrographis paniculate/leaf | Reducing agent | [123] |
Leaf-like nanostructures | Zinc nitrate | Rubus coreanus/fruit | Reducing and cap** agent | [124] |
Morphology/Material Phase | Green Synthesis Method | Radiation | Dye | Dye Concentration | Catalyst Concentration | pH | Exposure Time (min) | Efficiency (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nanorods/TiO2 anatase | Microwave | Artificial sunlight | RhB | 10−5 M (50 mL) | 50 mg/10 mL | dye pH | 120 | >98% | [182] |
Spherical NPs/TiO2 anatase | Co-precipitation * | Solar light | Coralline red | 5 mg/100 mL | 10 mg/100 mL | 8 | 140 | 92.17% | [103] |
Meso/macro-porous nanostructures | Precipitation * | Sunlight | MB | 20 mg/L | - | dye pH | 135 | >95% | [183] |
Spherical NPs/TiO2 anatase | Continuous ultrasonic stimulation | UV light | MB | 10 ppm | 1 g/L | dye pH | 150 | 92.5% | [184] |
Elliptical NPs/TiO2 anatase | Sol-gel * | Visible light | MB, fuchsine, CV, and Rhodamine 6G | 10 mg/L (100 mL) | 0.1 g | dye pH | 180 | 88–99% | [185] |
Dandelion-like structures/TiO2 anatase-rutile | Hydrothermal | UV light | MB | 10 mg/L (40 mL) | 20 mg–40 mL | dye pH | 650 | >97% | [132] |
Spherical NPs/TiO2 rutile | Microwave * | Sunlight | MB, MO, CV, and alizarin red | 1 mg/100 mL | 10 mg/50 mL | dye pH | 360 | 77.3–92.5% | [186] |
Spherical NPs/TiO2 anatase | Co-precipitation * | UV light | Reactive Green-19 | 6.7 mM | 0.030 g/100 mL | 3.5, 10.5 | 120 | 98.88% | [94] |
Non-spherical NPs/TiO2 anatase | Sol-gel | UV light | MO | 20 ppm (100 mL) | 0.1 g | dye pH | 150 | 94% | [187] |
Spherical structures/TiO2 anatase | Precipitation | Sunlight | MB | 6–40 ppm (200 mL) | 0.05–0.40 g | dye pH | 120 | 100% | [110] |
Nanoflowers/ZnO wurtzite | Co-precipitation * | UV light | MB, MG, CR, and Eosin Y | 15 mg/L | 5 mg/L | dye pH | 90 | 100% | [188] |
Spherical and hexagonal prismatic NPs and nanosheets/ZnO wurtzite | Co-precipitation | Visible light | RhB | 5 × 10−6 M (2 mL) | 1 mg/2 mL | dye pH | 120 | 75–84% | [125] |
Leaf-like structures/ZnO wurtzite | Co-precipitation * | Dark condition | MG | 10 mg/L (90 mL) | 5 mg/90 mL | dye pH | 240 | ~80% | [124] |
Hollow microspheres/ZnO wurtzite | Hydrothermal * | UV light | MG | 10 mg/L (200 mL) | 1 g/L | 5 | 60 | ~90% | [189] |
Nanosheets/ZnO wurtzite | Hydrothermal | UV light | MB | 1 × 10−5 M (200 mL) | 0.05 g/200 mL | dye pH | 50 | 99.2% | [190] |
Flower-like nanostructures/ZnO wurtzite | Co-precipitation * | UV light | MB | 50 µM | 0.5–1.0 g/ml | dye pH | 30 | 97.5% | [116] |
Quasi-hexagonal NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Microwave * | UV light | MB | 5 mg/L (100 mL) | 30 mg (100 mL) | 3–11 | 40 | 70–100% | [191] |
Spherical NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Mechanically assisted metathesis reaction | UV light | MB | 10 mg/L (100 mL) | 10 mg/100 mL | dye pH | 120 | 78% | [192] |
Hollow nanospheres/ZnO wurtzite | Hydrothermal | UV and visible light | CR | 20 ppm (50 mL) | 25 mg/50 mL | 5–9 | 90 | 99% | [193] |
Spongy cave-like structures/ZnO wurtzite | Solution combustion * | UV and sun light | MB | 5 ppm (100 mL) | 50 mg/100 mL | 2–12 | 90 | ~18–100% | [194] |
Mysorepak-like, canine teeth, hollow pyramid, and aggregated hexagonal/ZnO wurtzite | Combustion * | UV light | MB | 5–20 ppm (100 mL) | 50–200 mg/100 mL | 2–12 | 150 | 85–100% | [195] |
Quasi-spherical NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Co-precipitation * | Sunlight | MB | 1 × 10−5 M (100 mL) | 100 mg/100 mL | dye pH | 90 | 100% | [113] |
Spherical NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Sol-gel | Visible light | Direct blue 129 | 20 mg/L (50 mL) | 30–60 mg/50 mL | dye pH | 105 | ~60–95% | [196] |
Spherical NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Hydrothermal * | UV light | MB and MO | 10 mg/L (50 mL) | 1–30 mg/50 mL | dye pH | 50–60 | 96.6–98.2% | [197] |
Spherical and rod-like NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Co-precipitation * | Visible light | RhB | 10 mg/L | 1 g | dye pH | 180 | 88–92% | [117] |
Sponge-like structures/ZnO wurtzite | Combustion * | UV and sun light | MB and MG | 5–25 ppm (100 mL) | 50–200 mg/100 mL | 2–12 | 120–150 | ~10–100% | [198] |
NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Combustion * | UV light | Rose Bengal | 2–40 ppm (250 mL) | 20–80 mg/250 mL | 6–10 | 90 | ~70–90% | [199] |
Porous NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Solution combustion * | UV e sun light | MB | 5–20 ppm (100 mL) | 50–200 mg/100 mL | 2–12 | 120 | ~3–99% | [50] |
Spherical NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Combustion * | UV light | CR | 10–40 ppm (250 mL) | 20–80 mg/250 mL | 6–10 | 60 | 70–90% | [200] |
Hexagonal NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Solution combustion * | UV and sun light | MB | 5–20 ppm (100 mL) | 100 mg/100 mL | 3–12 | 40–50 | 90–100% | [201] |
Nanoflowers/ZnO wurtzite | Co-precipitation * | Sunlight | RhB | 10 µM (100 mL) | 20 mg/100 mL | dye pH | 200 | 98% | [201] |
Sphere-like nanostructures | Co-precipitation * | UV light | MB | 50 µM | 50 mg | dye pH | 210 | 98.6% | [119] |
Spherical NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Hydrothermal * | UV light | MB and MO | 10 mg/L (50mL) | 5–30 mg/50 mL | dye pH | 50 | 96.6–98.2% | [202] |
Spherical NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Sol-gel * | UV light | MB, MO, and Methyl red | 5–25 ppm (50 mL) | 50 mg/50 mL | dye pH | 35 | 60–100% | [197] |
Spherical morphology/ZnO wurtzite | Solvothermal * | Visible light | MB | 20 mg/L (100 mL) | 100 mg/100 mL | 4.0–9.8 | 30 | 7.6–96.8% | [203] |
Nanoflowers/ZnO wurtzite | Co-precipitation | Sunlight | Indigo carmine | - | 50 mg | dye pH | 120 | 83% | [204] |
Quasi-spherical NPs/ZnO wurtzite | Combustion * | UV light | MB | 5 × 10−5 M (30 mL) | 20 mg/30 mL | 5–12 | 120 | 40–96% | [115] |
Plates, bullets, flower, prismatic tip, and closed pinecone nanostructures/ZnO wurtzite | Solution combustion * | UV and sun light | MB | 10 ppm (250 mL) | 60 mg/250 mL | dye pH | 60 | 85–92% | [205] |
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Gonçalves, R.A.; Toledo, R.P.; Joshi, N.; Berengue, O.M. Green Synthesis and Applications of ZnO and TiO2 Nanostructures. Molecules 2021, 26, 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082236
Gonçalves RA, Toledo RP, Joshi N, Berengue OM. Green Synthesis and Applications of ZnO and TiO2 Nanostructures. Molecules. 2021; 26(8):2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082236
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonçalves, Rosana A., Rosimara P. Toledo, Nirav Joshi, and Olivia M. Berengue. 2021. "Green Synthesis and Applications of ZnO and TiO2 Nanostructures" Molecules 26, no. 8: 2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082236