Nutraceuticals: Transformation of Conventional Foods into Health Promoters/Disease Preventers and Safety Considerations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Types of Nutraceuticals Based on Source, Nature and Application
2.1. Traditional Nutraceuticals and Products
2.1.1. Functional Foods
2.1.2. Carotenoids
2.1.3. Collagen Hydrolysate
2.1.4. Dietary Fibers
2.1.5. Fatty Acids
2.1.6. Phytochemicals
2.1.7. Herbs
2.1.8. Probiotics
2.1.9. Prebiotics
2.1.10. Dietary Supplements
2.2. Non-Conventional Approach
2.2.1. Fortified Nutraceuticals
2.2.2. Recombinant Nutraceuticals
Class/Type of Nutraceutical | Examples | Active Ingredient | Advantages | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional approaches | ||||
Functional foods | Tomatoes | Lycopene | Anticancer activities, e.g., lung and prostate, reduce blood pressure | [17] |
Salmon | Omega 3 | Lower cardiovascular, diabetes disease risk | [19] | |
Soy | Saponins | Antioxidant, detoxification of enzymes, stimulate immune response, hormonal metabolism | [18] | |
Fermented milk and milk products | L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp. | Prevent gastrointestinal infections, lower the level of cholesterol | [73] | |
Marine algae | Fucoidans | Antioxidant, anticancer, anticoagulant activity | [74] | |
Broccoli | Sulforaphane, glucosinolates | Decrease risk of several cancers, antioxidant | [29,75] | |
Carrots | β-carotene | Reduce cancer risk, improve immune system | [29,76] | |
Aloe | Aloins | Wound healing, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, antimicrobial activity, hematopoietic stimulation | [77,78] | |
Turmeric | Curcumin | Anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic | [77,79] | |
Dietary supplements | Folic acid | Prevent defect in neural tubes, Red blood cells formation | [77,80] | |
Vitamin A | Antioxidant, growth, treat some skin diseases | [60] | ||
Calcium | Bone, muscles, teeth nerve health, prevent osteoporosis | [81,82] | ||
Iron | Carry oxygen, produce energy | [60] | ||
Vitamin D | Bone and teeth health, help in calcium absorption, musculoskeletal health | [83] | ||
Probiotics | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp., Streptococci, Enterococci | Gut health, replace diarrhea-causing bacteria, anticancer | [60,84,85] | |
Prebiotics | Fructo-oligosaccharides | Enhance probiotics growth, bifidobacteria growth enhancement | [58] | |
Inulin | Enhance immune system, minerals absorption, protect bones | [57,84,86] | ||
Non-conventional approach | ||||
Fortified | Orange juice with calcium | Calcium, ascorbic acid | Glycemic control enhancement, sensitivity to insulin | [67] |
Anthocyanin-fortified bread | Anthocyanin | Reduce digestion rate | [68] | |
Recombinant | Gold kiwifruit | Ascorbic acid, carotenoids | Immune system enhancement | [13,71] |
3. Classification of Nutraceuticals Based on Modes of Action
3.1. Anti-Cancer Activity
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.3. Antioxidant Activity
3.4. Anti-Lipid Activity
4. Nutraceuticals’ Safety on Consumers
4.1. Nutraceuticals Associated with Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
4.2. Models to Evaluate Safety, Efficacy, and Potential Toxicities of Nutraceuticals
4.3. Toxicities Based on Interactions of Nutraceuticals with Other Drugs
4.4. Contaminants Compromising the Quality of Nutraceuticals
4.5. Regulatory Status of Nutraceuticals
4.6. Effects of Processing on Nutraceuticals
5. Current Trends and Future Prospects of Nutraceuticals
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Cancer | Mode of Action | Nutraceutical | References |
---|---|---|---|
Prostate cancer | Antiproliferation, cell cycle inhibition, angiogenesis inhibition and promotion of apoptosis | Vitamin D | [117] |
Antioxidation, antiproliferation, and promotion of apoptosis | Catechins in green tea | [118,119] | |
Colon cancer | Tumor marker suppression, promotion of apoptosis, metastasis inhibition, and antiproliferation | Polyphenols | [120,121] |
Antioxidant, antiproliferation, promotion of apoptosis, inflammatory protein inhibition | Terpenoids | [122,123] | |
Autophagy induction and promotion of apoptosis | Alkaloids | [124,125,126] | |
Induction of DNA hypomethylation, promotion of apoptosis, and antiproliferation | Micronutrients | [127,128] | |
Breast cancer | Antiproliferation, angiogenesis inhibition, and promotion of apoptosis | Allicin in garlic | [129,130,131] |
Antiproliferation and promotion of apoptosis | Curcumin | [132] | |
Cell cycle inhibition, promotion of apoptosis, and inhibition of metastasis | Vitamin D | [133,134] | |
Oral cancer | Prevent tumor initiation | Strawberry | [127] |
Antioxidation | Rosemary | [128] | |
Antiproliferation, promotion of apoptosis, and angiogenesis inhibition | Geraniol | [135] |
Mode of Action | Nutraceutical | Benefits | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Reduce nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) | Resveratrol | Neuroprotective | [153] |
Inhibit the activation of NF-κB and limits the inflammatory response, such as ICAM-1, MCP-1, Cox-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | Baicalin | Improvement of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis | [154] |
Reduce the expression of TNF-α, COX-2, 5-LOX, and IL-6 and increase IL-10 levels | Flavocoxid | Protects from sepsis | [155] |
Reduces the expression of TNFα, IL-1β and reduces myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity | Curcumin | Improve dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis | [156] |
Decreases the expression of iNOS and COX-2 | 6-Gingerol | Protects from carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis | [157] |
Inhibits the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB and suppress iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β | Apigenin | Protects against blood-brain barrier disruption | [158] |
Reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and increases IL-10 expression. Decreases TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression Inhibits phosphorylation of I-κB, p65, p38, ERK, and JNK | Piperine | Reduces inflammatory injury in Staphylococcus aureus endometritis. | [159] |
Suppresses the activity of renal MPO | Naringin | Decreases neutrophil infiltration in the kidneys. | [160] |
Reduces NF-kappa B p65 subunit activation which decreases inflammatory cells and reduces cytokine secretion | Eucalyptol | Potential agent in the treatment of cigarette smoke-induced acute lung inflammation. | [161] |
Suppresses NF-kB and p38 and reduces the level of TNF-α and IL-1β levels | Ortho-eugenol | Treatment of pain and inflammation. | [162] |
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AlAli, M.; Alqubaisy, M.; Aljaafari, M.N.; AlAli, A.O.; Baqais, L.; Molouki, A.; Abushelaibi, A.; Lai, K.-S.; Lim, S.-H.E. Nutraceuticals: Transformation of Conventional Foods into Health Promoters/Disease Preventers and Safety Considerations. Molecules 2021, 26, 2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092540
AlAli M, Alqubaisy M, Aljaafari MN, AlAli AO, Baqais L, Molouki A, Abushelaibi A, Lai K-S, Lim S-HE. Nutraceuticals: Transformation of Conventional Foods into Health Promoters/Disease Preventers and Safety Considerations. Molecules. 2021; 26(9):2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092540
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlAli, Mudhi, Maream Alqubaisy, Mariam Nasser Aljaafari, Asma Obaid AlAli, Laila Baqais, Aidin Molouki, Aisha Abushelaibi, Kok-Song Lai, and Swee-Hua Erin Lim. 2021. "Nutraceuticals: Transformation of Conventional Foods into Health Promoters/Disease Preventers and Safety Considerations" Molecules 26, no. 9: 2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092540