Chemical Composition and Thermogravimetric Behaviors of Glanded and Glandless Cottonseed Kernels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Composition of Gd and Gl Kernels
2.2. Microstructure of Gd and Gl Cottonseed Kernels
2.3. ATR FTIR Spectra of Gd and Gl Kernels and Their Extraction Residues
2.4. Thermogravimetric Observations
2.5. TG-FTIR Observations
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Cottonseed Source and Treatment
3.2. Non-Polar and Polar Solvent Extraction
3.3. Microstructural Imaging Analysis
3.4. Chemical Analysis
3.5. Instrumental Analysis
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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(A) Major component (g kg−1) | |||||||
Moisture | Gossypol *** 1 | Oil | Protein ** | ADF | ADL | Starch ** | |
Gd | 67.9 ± 0.5 | 3.75 ± 0.02 | 387 ± 18 | 397 ± 8 | 100 ± 18 | 52.3 ± 10.1 | 12.2 ± 1.0 |
Gl | 68.3 ± 0.2 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 350 ± 14 | 421 ± 6 | 109 ± 23 | 67.8 ± 15.6 | 16.6 ± 0.4 |
(B) Macro element and ash (g kg−1) | |||||||
P * | Ca | K | Mg | Na | S | Ash | |
Gd | 9.8 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 12.0 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 46.7 ± 0.8 |
Gl | 11.5 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 47.9 ± 0.7 |
(C) Trace element (mg kg−1) | |||||||
Fe | Zn | Cu | Mn | B | Ni | Al | |
Gd | 104 ± 43 | 70.5 ± 8.2 | 18.1 ± 1.1 | 12.9 ± 1.2 | 13.8 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 91.6 ± 61.2 |
Gl | 111 ± 3 | 74.3 ± 2.5 | 19.0 ± 1.2 | 13.3 ± 0.7 | 14.2 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 109.8 ± 8.4 |
To (°C) | WLo (%) | Tm (°C) | WLm (%) | Te (°C) | WLe (%) | Char (%) 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gd-k | 143.5 (1.2) | 5.9 (0.7) | 368.4 (0.8) | 55.9 (0.5) | 471.7 (1.2) | 80.3 (0.7) | 16.1 (1.5) |
Gl-k | 147.1 * (1.3) | 5.5 ns (0.9) | 368.4 ns (0.7) | 52.9 * (0.7) | 468.7 * (1.5) | 82.2 * (1.1) | 15.6 ns (1.1) |
Gd-r | 177.9 (1.2) | 7.6 (1.0) | 313.2 (0.9) | 36.8 (1.1) | 504.9 (1.2) | 72.9 (1.2) | 25.3 (1.2) |
Gl-r | 183.6 * (1.0) | 9.1 ns (0.8) | 314.5 ns (0.9) | 37.4 ns (1.0) | 504.9 ns (1.0) | 72.4 ns (0.9) | 25.7 ns (1.3) |
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He, Z.; Nam, S.; Zhang, H.; Olanya, O.M. Chemical Composition and Thermogravimetric Behaviors of Glanded and Glandless Cottonseed Kernels. Molecules 2022, 27, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010316
He Z, Nam S, Zhang H, Olanya OM. Chemical Composition and Thermogravimetric Behaviors of Glanded and Glandless Cottonseed Kernels. Molecules. 2022; 27(1):316. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010316
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Zhongqi, Sunghyun Nam, Hailin Zhang, and Ocen Modesto Olanya. 2022. "Chemical Composition and Thermogravimetric Behaviors of Glanded and Glandless Cottonseed Kernels" Molecules 27, no. 1: 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010316