Integrated Hydrogeological, Hydrochemical, and Isotopic Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers in Al-Qatif Area, Eastern Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Climate and Land Use
4. Geological and Hydrogeological Setting
5. Methodology
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater
6.2. Hydrogeochemical Facies and Water Type
6.3. Seawater Intrusion Indicators
6.3.1. Gibbs Diagram
6.3.2. Hydrochemical Facies Evolution (HFE) Diagram
6.3.3. Chadha’s Diagram
6.3.4. Inverse of Simpson’s Ratio
6.3.5. Ionic Ratio Diagram
Na+/Cl− vs. Cl−
Mg2+/Ca2+ vs. Cl−
Ca2+/HCO3− vs. Cl−
6.4. Quantification of Seawater Intrusion
6.5. Isotopic Analyses
6.6. Management of Seawater Intrusion
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ca2+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | Na+ (mg/L) | K+ (mg/L) | HCO3− (mg/L) | Cl− (mg/L) | SO42− (mg/L) | NO32− (mg/L) | Br− (mg/L) | EC (µS/cm) | TDS (mg/L) | pH | δ18O‰ | δ2H‰ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shallow aquifer | Min | 319.8 | 136.2 | 498.2 | 22.6 | 142.0 | 1041.9 | 666.0 | 7.5 | 6.1 | 6475.7 | 4220.0 | 6.5 | −3.6 | −26.8 |
Max | 739.9 | 1267.6 | 5025.5 | 220.5 | 712.6 | 8523.7 | 4877.7 | 45.2 | 39.4 | 44,420.5 | 34,090.0 | 7.7 | −2.3 | −20.6 | |
Avg | 479.2 | 292.8 | 1328.5 | 64.1 | 448.9 | 2405.7 | 1394.4 | 14.8 | 12.6 | 13,936.1 | 10,108.5 | 6.8 | −3.0 | −23.0 | |
SD | 479.2 | 292.8 | 1328.5 | 64.1 | 448.9 | 2405.7 | 1394.4 | 14.8 | 12.6 | 13,936.1 | 10,108.5 | 6.8 | 0.4 | 2.2 | |
Deep aquifer | Min | 129.7 | 51.3 | 237.3 | 9.9 | 136.0 | 401.8 | 294.2 | 10.3 | 1.9 | 3072.5 | 1955.0 | 6.8 | −4.3 | −31.1 |
Max | 183.4 | 71.5 | 421.4 | 16.4 | 183.4 | 765.8 | 440.5 | 15.9 | 4.3 | 5060.3 | 3308.7 | 8.0 | −3.5 | −25.0 | |
Avg | 161.6 | 61.7 | 315.3 | 13.1 | 165.7 | 574.3 | 337.9 | 12.8 | 3.0 | 3993.3 | 2544.7 | 7.2 | −3.9 | −28.2 | |
SD | 161.6 | 61.7 | 315.3 | 13.1 | 165.7 | 574.3 | 337.9 | 12.8 | 3.0 | 3993.3 | 2544.7 | 7.2 | 0.2 | 1.6 |
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Benaafi, M.; Tawabini, B.; Abba, S.I.; Humphrey, J.D.; AL-Areeq, A.M.; Alhulaibi, S.A.; Usman, A.G.; Aljundi, I.H. Integrated Hydrogeological, Hydrochemical, and Isotopic Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers in Al-Qatif Area, Eastern Saudi Arabia. Molecules 2022, 27, 6841. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206841
Benaafi M, Tawabini B, Abba SI, Humphrey JD, AL-Areeq AM, Alhulaibi SA, Usman AG, Aljundi IH. Integrated Hydrogeological, Hydrochemical, and Isotopic Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers in Al-Qatif Area, Eastern Saudi Arabia. Molecules. 2022; 27(20):6841. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206841
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenaafi, Mohammed, Bassam Tawabini, S. I. Abba, John D. Humphrey, Ahmed M. AL-Areeq, Saad A. Alhulaibi, A. G. Usman, and Isam H. Aljundi. 2022. "Integrated Hydrogeological, Hydrochemical, and Isotopic Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers in Al-Qatif Area, Eastern Saudi Arabia" Molecules 27, no. 20: 6841. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206841