Integrated Solid-Phase Extraction, Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, and Multidimensional Data-Mining Techniques to Unravel the Metabolic Network of Dehydrocostus Lactone in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Construction and Interpretation of Analysis Strategy
2.2. Establishment of the MMDF Screening Method
2.3. Analysis of the Fragmentation Behaviors of DL in the Positive Ion Mode
2.4. Structural Identification of DL Metabolites
2.5. Summary and Generalization of All Metabolites
2.6. Map** of the Metabolic Network for DL in Rats
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents and Chemicals
4.2. Animals and Drug Administration
4.3. Biological Samples Collection
4.4. Samples Pre-Treatment—The SPE Method
4.5. Instrument and Conditions
4.6. Data Processing
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hu, F.; Feng, S.; Wu, Y.; Bi, Y.; Wang, C.; Li, W. Quantitative analysis of costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone in rat plasma by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2011, 25, 547–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Z.L.; He, Q.; Chu, S.S.; Wang, C.F.; Du, S.S.; Deng, Z.W. Essential oil composition and larvicidal activity of Saussurea lappa roots against the mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol. Res. 2012, 110, 2125–2130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Hu, X.; Gao, W.; Qu, Z.; Guo, H.; Liu, Z.; Liu, C. Pharmacokinetic study on costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone after oral administration of traditional medicine Aucklandia lappa Decne. by LC/MS/MS. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 151, 191–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Y.; Li, R.; Wang, Z.; Hou, X.; Wang, C.; Ai, Y.; Shi, W.; Zhan, X.; Wang, J.-B.; ** Pill. Anal. Chim. Acta 2022, 1193, 339320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.-Y.; Wang, Z.-J.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, F.; Ma, Q.; Lin, Z.-Z.; Lu, J.-Q.; Qiao, Y.-J. Rapid screening and identification of target constituents using full scan-parent ions list-dynamic exclusion acquisition coupled to diagnostic product ions analysis on a hybrid LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Talanta 2014, 124, 111–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Number | Template Definition | Molecular Formula | m/z Value |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Original drug (DL) | C15H18O2 | 230.13013 |
N-acetylcysteine conjugation | C20H25O5NS | 391.14480 | |
Sulfate conjugation | C15H18O5S | 310.08695 | |
2 | Hydrated DL | C15H20O3 | 248.14070 |
N-acetylcysteine conjugation | C20H27O6NS | 409.15536 | |
Sulfate conjugation | C15H20O6S | 328.09751 | |
3 | Dehydrated DL | C15H16O | 212.11957 |
N-acetylcysteine conjugation | C20H23O4NS | 373.13423 | |
Sulfate conjugation | C15H16O4S | 292.07638 |
Peak | tR/Min | Formula [M+H]+ | Theoretical Mass m/z | Experimental Mass m/z | Error (ppm) | MS/MS Fragment Ions | Identification/Reactions | P | U | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M0 | 13.34 | C15H19O2 | 231.13796 | 231.13864 | 2.96 | MS2[231]:185(100),143(51),157(25),213(16),195(13) | Dehydrocostus lactone | + | + | + |
M1 | 3.63 | C18H26O5NS | 368.15262 | 368.15439 | 4.81 | MS2[368]:157(100),183(22),229(21),322(7),350(6) | Hydration, cysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | — |
M2 | 3.75 | C18H26O5NS | 368.15262 | 368.15445 | 4.97 | MS2[368]:157(100),183(26),229(19),322(7),350(5) | Hydration, cysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | — |
M3 | 4.07 | C17H26O5N | 324.18059 | 324.18152 | 2.99 | MS2[324]:324(100),306(9),288(4),270(1),231(1),249(1) | Bi-hydration, glycine conjugation to ester | — | + | — |
M4 | 4.94 | C20H28O7NS | 426.15802 | 426.15948 | 3.24 | MS2[426]:130(100),199(33),227(25),245(12),217(11) | Dihydrodiolation, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | — |
M5 | 5.04 | C15H15O2 | 227.10656 | 227.10732 | 2.92 | MS2[227]:181(100),153(15),167(7),209(4),199(3) | Di-dehydrogenation | + | + | — |
M6 | 5.04 | C15H17O3 | 245.11716 | 245.11794 | 2.93 | MS2[245]:181(100),199(31),155(19),227(14),209(6) | Dehydrogenation, hydroxylation | + | + | — |
M7 | 5.11 | C15H15O2 | 227.10656 | 227.10735 | 3.06 | MS2[227]:181(100),153(14),199(11),167(6),209(4) | Di-dehydrogenation | + | + | — |
M8 | 5.11 | C15H17O3 | 245.11716 | 245.11792 | 2.85 | MS2[245]:181(100),199(36),227(23),155(22),209(6) | Dehydrogenation, hydroxylation | + | + | — |
M9 | 5.20 | C18H28O6NS | 386.16319 | 386.16440 | 3.15 | MS2[386]:157(100),229(74),368(43),201(35),247(7) | Bi-hydration, cysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | — |
M10 | 5.51 | C15H17O3 | 245.11716 | 245.11792 | 3.18 | MS2[245]:181(100),199(47),227(20),155(18),209(15) | Dehydrogenation, hydroxylation | + | + | + |
M11 | 5.60 | C15H19O3 | 247.13286 | 247.13354 | 2.71 | MS2[247]:183(100),201(61),155(56),229(48),211(26) | Hydroxylation | + | + | — |
M12 | 5.63 | C18H26O5NS | 368.15262 | 368.15344 | 2.23 | MS2[368]:157(100),183(22),229(18),322(8),350(5) | Hydration, cysteine-S-conjugation | + | — | + |
M13 | 5.65 | C15H19O3 | 247.13286 | 247.13353 | 2.67 | MS2[247]:183(100),201(66),155(57),229(48),211(25) | Hydroxylation | + | + | — |
M14 | 5.70 | C15H19O3 | 247.13286 | 247.13348 | 2.46 | MS2[247]:183(100),201(56),229(55),155(52),211(21) | Hydroxylation | + | + | — |
M15 | 5.84 | C15H19O3 | 247.13286 | 247.13351 | 2.59 | MS2[247]:201(100),229(91),183(57),155(53),211(11) | Hydroxylation | + | + | — |
M16 | 5.86 | C15H21O4 | 265.14336 | 265.14413 | 2.62 | MS2[265]:183(100),229(57),201(37),247(31),217(16) | Dihydrodiolation | + | + | — |
M17 | 5.91 | C15H15O2 | 227.10656 | 227.10741 | 3.32 | MS2[227]:181(100),153(23),199(20),209(6),167(5) | Di-dehydrogenation | — | + | — |
M18 | 5.92 | C25H36O9N3S | 554.21676 | 554.21790 | 2.21 | MS2[554]:157(100),229(80),185(52),211(20),201(9) | Hydration, glutathione conjugation | + | — | — |
M19 | 5.92 | C16H23O6S | 343.12097 | 343.12195 | 2.81 | MS2[343]:173(100),263(80),227(71),199(57),245(26) | Hydration, methylation, sulfonation | — | + | — |
M20 | 5.93 | C12H15O4 | 223.09662 | 223.09727 | 3.52 | MS2[223]:121(100),135(80),181(54),177(12),205(6) | Dihydrodiolation, loss of 3CH2 | + | + | + |
M21 | 5.98 | C15H19O4 | 263.12776 | 263.12860 | 3.10 | MS2[263]:199(100),227(30),181(27),245(26),217(12) | Dihydroxylation | — | + | — |
M22 | 5.98 | C17H26O3NS | 324.16522 | 324.16385 | 3.27 | MS2[324]:157(100),155(24),159(10),129(9),143(3) | Loss of C3O2, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | + |
M23 | 6.08 | C20H24O5NS | 390.13692 | 390.13815 | 3.03 | MS2[390]:183(100),181(62),227(31),199(3),209(1) | Dehydrogenation, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | — |
M24 | 6.13 | C15H19O3 | 247.13286 | 247.13354 | 2.71 | MS2[247]:183(100),201(64),229(43),155(38),211(17) | Hydroxylation | + | + | — |
M25 | 6.31 | C20H28O7NS | 426.15802 | 426.15942 | 3.10 | MS2[426]:130(100),183(49),229(47),157(32),211(7) | Dihydrodiolation, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | — |
M26 | 6.38 | C15H21O3 | 249.14856 | 249.14925 | 2.93 | MS2[249]:185(100),195(28),231(21),213(18),203(16) | Hydration | + | + | — |
M27 | 6.44 | C20H28O6NS | 410.16322 | 410.16449 | 3.18 | MS2[410]:130(100),229(62),201(37),185(22),247(2) | Hydration, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | — |
M28 | 6.45 | C20H30O7NS | 428.17379 | 428.17484 | 2.55 | MS2[428]:130(100),229(47),201(31),247(4),386(1) | Bi-hydration, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | + |
M29 | 6.48 | C15H19O3 | 247.13286 | 247.13361 | 2.99 | MS2[247]:183(100),201(91),229(62),155(50),211(31) | Hydroxylation | + | + | — |
M30 | 6.51 | C17H26O3NS | 324.16522 | 324.16388 | 3.36 | MS2[324]:157(100),155(19),129(17),143(8),159(7) | Loss of C3O2, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | — |
M31 | 6.54 | C20H28O6NS | 410.16322 | 410.16428 | 2.67 | MS2[410]:130(100),229(44),201(31),185(18),247(3) | Hydration, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | — |
M32 | 6.56 | C20H30O7NS | 428.17379 | 428.17459 | 1.96 | MS2[428]:130(100),229(75),386(34),201(30),247(4) | Bi-hydration, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | + |
M33 | 6.67 | C15H17O2 | 229.12226 | 229.12296 | 2.85 | MS2[229]:183(100),155(39),141(19),211(8),193(4) | Dehydrogenation | + | + | + |
M34 | 6.90 | C15H17O3 | 245.11716 | 245.11794 | 2.93 | MS2[245]:181(100),217(67),199(12),227(5),155(4) | Dehydrogenation, hydroxylation | + | + | — |
M35 | 7.04 | C15H15O2 | 227.10656 | 227.10742 | 3.36 | MS2[227]:181(100),153(14),167(6),209(5),199(2) | Di-dehydrogenation | + | + | — |
M36 | 7.16 | C20H26O5NS | 392.15266 | 392.15356 | 2.40 | MS2[392]:185(100),229(60),157(26),201(12),211(5) | N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | + |
M37 | 7.19 | C20H28O6NS | 410.16322 | 410.16412 | 2.28 | MS2[410]:229(100),185(89),157(54),130(35),201(30) | Hydration, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | + |
M38 | 7.19 | C15H17O2 | 229.12226 | 229.12288 | 2.50 | MS2[229]:183(100),155(25),141(13),211(7),193(5) | Dehydrogenation | + | + | + |
M39 | 7.46 | C15H17O5 | 277.10697 | 277.10785 | 2.89 | MS2[277]:121(100),217(16),189(13),231(9),259(3) | Dehydrogenation, tri-hydroxylation | — | — | + |
M40 | 7.70 | C14H17 | 185.13249 | 185.13304 | 3.04 | MS2[185]:185(100),143(87),157(51),129(49),131(6) | Dehydration, loss of CO | + | + | — |
M41 | 7.71 | C20H26O5NS | 392.15266 | 392.15381 | 3.03 | MS2[392]:185(100),229(44),157(14),201(2),211(1) | N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | + |
M42 | 7.74 | C15H17O2 | 229.12226 | 229.12279 | 2.11 | MS2[229]:183(100),155(33),129(13),141(10),211(7) | Dehydrogenation | + | + | + |
M43 | 7.74 | C17H24O4N | 306.17002 | 306.17114 | 3.77 | MS2[306]:159(100),260(18),242(4),231(2),288(1) | Hydration, glycine conjugation to ester | + | + | — |
M44 | 7.82 | C20H26O5NS | 392.15266 | 392.15384 | 3.11 | MS2[392]:185(100),229(78),157(38),201(18),211(7) | N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | + |
M45 | 7.82 | C20H28O6NS | 410.16322 | 410.16446 | 3.11 | MS2[410]:229(100),185(79),157(45),130(30),201(23) | Hydration, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | + | + | — |
M46 | 8.19 | C20H28O7NS | 426.15802 | 426.15955 | 3.40 | MS2[426]:145(100),130(10),217(8),245(3),263(1) | Dihydrodiolation, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | — |
M47 | 8.20 | C18H26O4NS | 352.15772 | 352.15842 | 2.03 | MS2[352]:159(100),213(31),185(13),306(10),231(5) | Hydration, cysteine conjugation to ester | + | + | + |
M48 | 8.50 | C20H26O6NS | 408.14757 | 408.14896 | 3.49 | MS2[408]:130(100),157(32),229(26),183(24),199(7) | Hydroxylation, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | — |
M49 | 8.55 | C20H26O6NS | 408.14757 | 408.14902 | 3.64 | MS2[408]:130(100),157(33),183(22),229(17),211(7) | Hydroxylation, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | — |
M50 | 8.62 | C17H26O5NS | 356.15262 | 356.15369 | 3.00 | MS2[356]:229(100),201(35),187(21),183(5),217(3) | Hydration, taurine conjugation to ester | — | + | — |
M51 | 8.74 | C20H26O5NS | 392.15266 | 392.15378 | 2.96 | MS2[392]:185(100),157(33),229(10),211(6),201(2) | N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | + |
M52 | 8.77 | C20H28O6NS | 410.16322 | 410.16409 | 2.21 | MS2[410]:130(100),159(36),185(12),213(8),231(2) | Hydration, N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | + |
M53 | 9.22 | C15H19O2 | 231.13796 | 231.13858 | 2.70 | MS2[231]:185(100),143(52),157(29),213(17),195(16) | Dehydrocostus lactone isomer | — | + | — |
M54 | 9.22 | C15H17O | 213.12746 | 213.12802 | 2.95 | MS2[213]:195(100),143(61),171(32),157(30),185(29) | Dehydration | — | + | — |
M55 | 9.22 | C15H15 | 195.11689 | 195.11739 | 2.89 | MS2[195]:195(100),165(66),167(12),155(5),193(3) | Bi-dehydration | — | + | — |
M56 | 9.51 | C15H17O3 | 245.11716 | 245.11804 | 3.34 | MS2[245]:181(100),155(5),227(4),199(3),209(1) | Dehydrogenation, hydroxylation | + | + | + |
M57 | 9.58 | C15H19O2 | 231.13796 | 231.13857 | 2.66 | MS2[231]:185(100),143(50),157(29),213(16),195(15) | Dehydrocostus lactone isomer | + | + | — |
M58 | 9.58 | C15H17O | 213.12746 | 213.12805 | 3.09 | MS2[213]:195(100),143(55),157(30),171(28),185(20) | Dehydration | + | + | — |
M59 | 9.58 | C15H15 | 195.11689 | 195.11742 | 3.04 | MS2[195]:195(100),165(80),167(11),155(7),193(4) | Bi-dehydration | + | + | — |
M60 | 9.70 | C15H17O | 213.12746 | 213.12810 | 3.32 | MS2[213]:195(100),143(54),157(28),171(27),185(20) | Dehydration | + | + | — |
M61 | 9.70 | C15H19O2 | 231.13796 | 231.13866 | 3.04 | MS2[231]:185(100),143(49),157(26),213(15),195(14) | Dehydrocostus lactone isomer | + | + | — |
M62 | 9.71 | C20H26O5NS | 392.15266 | 392.15390 | 3.26 | MS2[392]:229(100),157(24),201(24),211(15),185(12) | N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | — |
M63 | 9.93 | C15H21O4 | 265.14336 | 265.14444 | 3.79 | MS2[265]:145(100),229(81),201(72),183(56),247(16) | Dihydrodiolation | — | + | — |
M64 | 10.09 | C14H17 | 185.13249 | 185.13310 | 3.37 | MS2[185]:185(100),143(79),157(54),129(42),131(6) | Dehydration, loss of CO | — | + | — |
M65 | 10.12 | C20H26O5NS | 392.15266 | 392.15393 | 3.34 | MS2[392]:157(100),185(61),229(26),143(16),211(15) | N-acetylcysteine-S-conjugation | — | + | — |
M66 | 10.34 | C20H28O5NS | 394.16832 | 394.16916 | 2.26 | MS2[394]:159(100),185(81),213(33),231(27),352(5) | Hydration, N-acetylcysteine conjugation to ester | + | + | + |
M67 | 10.38 | C15H17O | 213.12746 | 213.12798 | 2.76 | MS2[213]:195(100),143(48),157(32),171(24),185(17) | Dehydration | + | + | + |
M68 | 10.38 | C14H19 | 187.14816 | 187.14859 | 2.47 | MS2[187]:187(100),145(99),131(75),105(40),159(18) | Loss of CO+O | + | + | + |
M69 | 10.38 | C15H19O2 | 231.13796 | 231.13855 | 2.57 | MS2[231]:185(100),143(61),157(33),129(28),213(18) | Dehydrocostus lactone isomer | + | + | + |
M70 | 13.38 | C15H17O | 213.12746 | 213.12808 | 3.23 | MS2[213]:195(100),143(46),157(27),171(23),185(17) | Dehydration | + | + | + |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tian, Y.; Ma, B.; Liu, C.; Zhao, X.; Yu, S.; Li, Y.; Tian, S.; Pei, H.; Wang, Z.; Zuo, Z.; et al. Integrated Solid-Phase Extraction, Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, and Multidimensional Data-Mining Techniques to Unravel the Metabolic Network of Dehydrocostus Lactone in Rats. Molecules 2022, 27, 7688. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227688
Tian Y, Ma B, Liu C, Zhao X, Yu S, Li Y, Tian S, Pei H, Wang Z, Zuo Z, et al. Integrated Solid-Phase Extraction, Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, and Multidimensional Data-Mining Techniques to Unravel the Metabolic Network of Dehydrocostus Lactone in Rats. Molecules. 2022; 27(22):7688. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227688
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Yingying, Beibei Ma, Chuang Liu, ** Zuo, and et al. 2022. "Integrated Solid-Phase Extraction, Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, and Multidimensional Data-Mining Techniques to Unravel the Metabolic Network of Dehydrocostus Lactone in Rats" Molecules 27, no. 22: 7688. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227688