Advances in Chemical Composition, Extraction Techniques, Analytical Methods, and Biological Activity of Astragali Radix
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chemical Composition
2.1. Polysaccharides
2.2. Saponins
2.3. Flavonoids
2.4. Others
3. Extraction Methods for AR Components
3.1. Extraction Methods for Astragalus Polysaccharides (AP)
3.1.1. Water Extraction
3.1.2. Microwave-Assisted Extraction
3.1.3. Ultrasonic Extraction
3.1.4. Enzyme Extraction
3.2. Extraction of Saponins and Flavonoids
3.2.1. Ethanol Reflux Extraction
3.2.2. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
3.2.3. Enzymolysis-Assisted Extraction
3.3. Others
4. Analytical Methods
4.1. Spectral Analysis
4.2. Chromatographic Analysis
4.3. Coupling Techniques
5. Biological Activities of AR
5.1. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
5.2. Antioxidant Activity
5.3. Anti-Tumor Activity
5.4. Antiviral Activity
5.5. Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
5.6. Anti-Diabetic Activity
5.6.1. Prevention and Treatment of T1DM
5.6.2. Prevention and Treatment of T2DM
6. Standardization of AR
6.1. Efficacy Standards
6.2. Bioactivity Standards
6.3. Production Standards
7. Conclusions
Authors Contributions
Funding
No. | Name | Molecular Weight (Da) | Identification Method | Classification | Structure | Source | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AG-1 | - | 400 M NMR | Glucan | - | A. membranaceus | [13] |
2 | AG-2 | - | 400 M NMR | Glucan | - | A. membranaceus | [13] |
3 | AH-1 | - | 400 M NMR | Heteropolysaccharide | - | A. membranaceus | [13] |
4 | AH-2 | - | 400 M NMR | Heteropolysaccharide | - | A. membranaceus | [13] |
5 | APS-I | 1.7 × 106 | HPLC (C18), TLC | Heteropolysaccharide | - | A. membranaceus | [7] |
6 | APS-II | 1.2 × 106 | HPLC (C18), TLC | D-Glucan | Dextran bonded mainly with-(1 → 4)-d-glycosidic linkage | A. membranaceus | [7] |
7 | APS-III | 3.5 × 104 | 400 M NMR | D-Glucan | Dextran bonded mainly with -(1 → 4)-d-glycosidic linkage | A. membranaceus | [14] |
No. | Compound Name | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | ESI–MS | APCI–MS | Source | Refs. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent Ion (m/z) | Fragment Ion (m/z) | Parent Ion (m/z) | Fragment Ion (m/z) | ||||||
1 | Astragaloside I | C45H72O16 | 869.04 | - | - | 867.7 [M − H]− | 807.5 [M − H-Ac]− | A. membranaceus | [15] |
2 | Isoastragaloside I | C45H72O16 | 869.04 | - | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [21] |
3 | Acetylastragaloside I | C47H74O17 | 911.08 | - | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [21] |
4 | Astragaloside II | C43H70O15 | 827.00 | - | - | 825.7 [M − H]− | 765.5 [M − H-Ac]− | A. membranaceus | [15] |
5 | Isoastragaloside II | C43H70O15 | 827.00 | - | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [21] |
6 | Astragaloside IV | C41H68O14 | 784.97 | - | - | 783.7 [M − H]− | 651.4 [M − H−(Xyl-H2O)]− | A. membranaceus | [15] |
7 | Astragaloside IV isomer/III | C41H68O14 | 784.97 | - | - | 783.7 [M − H]− | 651.7 [M − H-(Xyl-H2O)]− | A. membranaceus | [15] |
8,9,10 | Astragaloside V/VI/VII | C47H78O19 | 947.11 | - | - | 945.6 [M − H]− | 783.6 [M − H-(Glu-H2O)]− | A. membranaceus | [15] |
11 | Soyasaponin II | C47H76O17 | 913.10 | 914 [M + H]+ | 457.4 | - | - | A. membranaceus | [22] |
12 | Soyasaponin I | C48H78O18 | 943.12 | 944 [M + H]+ | 617.4 | - | - | A. membranaceus | [22] |
13 | Agroastragaloside III | C51H82O21 | 1031.18 | - | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [20] |
14 | Agroastragaloside IV | C49H80O20 | 989.14 | - | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [20] |
15 | Agroastragaloside I | C45H74O16 | 871.06 | - | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [17] |
16 | Alexandroside | C36H62O10 | 654.87 | - | - | - | - | A. membranaceus A. membranaceus | [20] |
No. | Compounds Name | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | ESI–MS | APCI–MS | Source | Refs. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent Ion (m/z) [M + H]+/[M + Na]+ | Fragment Ion (m/z) | Parent Ion (m/z) [M + H]+ | Fragment Ion (m/z) | ||||||
1 | Formononetin | C16H12O4 | 268.27 | 269 | 254 | - | - | both | [20,24] |
2 | Ononin | C22H22O9 | 430.40 | 431 | 269 | - | - | both | [20,24] |
3 | Calycosin | C16H12O5 | 284.26 | 285 | 275 | - | - | both | [20,24] |
4 | formononetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside-6”-O-acetate (4), (8), | C24H24O10 | 472.44 | - | - | 473 | 269 | both | [23] |
5 | Formononetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside-6”-O-malonate | C25H24O12 | 516.45 | 517 | 269 | - | - | A. membranaceus | [24] |
6 | Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glycoside | C22H22O10 | 446.40 | 447 | 285 | - | - | both | [24] |
7 | Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside-6”-O-malonate | C25H24O13 | 532.45 | 533 | 285 | - | - | A. membranaceus | [24] |
8 | Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside-6”-O-acetate | C24H24O11 | 488.44 | - | - | 489 | 285 | both | [23] |
9 | Pratensein | C16H12O6 | 300.26 | - | - | 301 | 269 | both | [23] |
10 | Pratensein-7-O-β-d-glycoside | C22H22O11 | 462.40 | - | - | 463 | 301 | both | [23] |
11 | Biochanin-A | C16H12O5 | 284.30 | - | - | 285 | - | A. membranaceus | [23] |
12 | (3R)-7,2′-Dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan | C17H18O5 | 302.32 | - | - | 303 | 167 | both | [23,24] |
13 | (6a,llaR)-3-Hydroxy-9,10-Dimethoxypterocarpan | C17H16O5 | 300.31 | 301 | 152 | - | - | A. membranaceus | [23,24] |
14 | (6a,llaR)-3-Hydroxy-9,10-Dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-d-glycoside | C23H26O10 | 462.15 | 463 | 301 | - | - | A. membranaceus | [24] |
15 | Astraisoflavanglucoside-6”-O-malonate | C26H30O13 | 550 | 551 | 303 | - | - | A. membranaceus | [24] |
16 | Wogonin | C16H12O5 | 284.27 | 285.1 | 270.2 | - | - | A. membranaceus | [22] |
17 | 3-Hydroxyflavanone | C15H12O3 | 240.25 | 241 | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [22] |
18 | Medicarpin | C16H14O4 | 270.28 | 271 | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [22] |
19 | Isorhamnetin | C16H12O7 | 316.26 | 317 | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [22] |
20 | Mangiferin | C19H18O11 | 422.34 | 423 | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [22] |
21 | Naringin | C27H32O14 | 580.53 | 603 | - | - | - | A. membranaceus | [22] |
Advantages | Disadvantages | |
---|---|---|
Water extraction | Simple operation and low production costs (maximal extraction rate of AP was 16.32%) | Large energy consumption and low extraction rate |
Ethanol Reflux extraction | Wide range of applications, simple equipment, good extraction effect | Long extraction time, solvent residue |
Microwave-assisted Extraction | Penetrating heating, time saving, high efficiency, energy saving (maximal extraction rate of AP was 32%, 49% improvement compared to conventional water extraction) | Volatile components gradually dissipate as the extraction time increases. |
Ultrasonic extraction | Simple operation, high efficiency, time saving and energy saving (maximal extraction rate of AP was 30.28%, 46.23% improvement compared to conventional water extraction) | Sound pollution |
Enzyme extraction | High specificity and efficiency (maximal extraction rate of AP was 29.96%, 45.52% improvement compared to conventional water extraction) | High production costs |
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Chang, X.; Chen, X.; Guo, Y.; Gong, P.; Pei, S.; Wang, D.; Wang, P.; Wang, M.; Chen, F. Advances in Chemical Composition, Extraction Techniques, Analytical Methods, and Biological Activity of Astragali Radix. Molecules 2022, 27, 1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031058
Chang X, Chen X, Guo Y, Gong P, Pei S, Wang D, Wang P, Wang M, Chen F. Advances in Chemical Composition, Extraction Techniques, Analytical Methods, and Biological Activity of Astragali Radix. Molecules. 2022; 27(3):1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031058
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, **angna, Xuefeng Chen, Yuxi Guo, Pin Gong, Shuya Pei, Danni Wang, Peipei Wang, Mengrao Wang, and Fuxin Chen. 2022. "Advances in Chemical Composition, Extraction Techniques, Analytical Methods, and Biological Activity of Astragali Radix" Molecules 27, no. 3: 1058. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031058