Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Artemisinin, an Anti-Malarial Drug from Artemisia annua L.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regeneration Studies
2.1. Direct Organogenesis
2.2. Indirect Organogenesis
2.3. Somatic Embryogenesis
3. Biosynthesis of Artemisinin from Artemisia annua L.
4.1.2. Hairy Root Culture (Agrobacterium rhizogenes Mediated Transformation)
4.2. Callus and Cell Suspension Cultures
5. Agrobacterium tumefaciens Mediated Transformation for Increased Metabolite Content
6. Elicitation Strategy for Production of Artemisinin
6.1. Biotic Elicitation for Artemisinin Production
6.2. Abiotic Elicitation for Artemisinin Production
7. Bioreactor Scale Production of Artemisinin
8. Metabolic Engineering for Artemisinin Production
9. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Explant | Media | Response | References |
---|---|---|---|
Seed | MS + 0.1 ppm BA + 1.0 ppm NAA | Shooting | [12] |
Inflorescence | MS + 1.0 mg/L BAP + 2.0 mg/L IBA | Multiple shooting | [23] |
Stem | MS + 0.1 mg/L TDZ | Multiple shooting | [15] |
Leaf, petiole | MS + 1.0 mg/L TDZ | Shooting and rooting | [20] |
Seed | MS + 0.1 mg/L KN + 0.01 mg/L NAA | Shooting | [13] |
Nodal stem explants | MS + 0.2 mg/L NAA + 0.2 mg/L BAP | Multiple shooting | [16] |
Nodal stem explants | Shooting: MS + 4.44 µM BAP Rooting: ½ MS + 2.46 µM IBA | Multiple shooting and rooting | [17] |
Nodal stem explants | Shooting: MS + 10.0 µM 2-iP; Rooting: 1/2 MS + 5.0 µM NAA | Multiple shooting and rooting | [18] |
Nodal stem explants | Shooting: MS + 0.8 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L IBA; Multiplication medium: MS + 1.0 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L IBA; Rooting: 1/2 MS + 0.5 mg/L IBA | Multiple shooting and rooting | [19] |
Leaf | Shooting: MS + 1.0 mg/L BAP + 0.05 mg/L NAA + 2.0 mg/L AgNO3 | Shoot regeneration | [21] |
Leaf | Shooting: MS + 0.5 mg/L NAA + 2.0 mg/L BA; Rooting: MS + 0.1 mg/L IBA | Shooting and rooting | [22] |
Seed | Shooting: MS + 4.4 µM BA + 0.35 µM IBA; Multiplication medium: MS + 0.9 µM BA + 0.05 µM NAA | Shooting and multiplication | [14] |
Explant | Media | Response | References |
---|---|---|---|
Leaf, hypocotyl | Callus: MS + 5.4 µM NAA; Shooting: MS + 13.32 µM BA + 1.08 µM NAA | Callusing and organogenesis | [24] |
Hypocotyl | Callusing and shooting: MS + 0.5 µM NAA + 13 µM BAP + 0.3 µM GA3 | Callusing and multiple shooting | [25] |
Leaf | Callusing: MS + 0.1 mg/L BAP + 0.05 mg/L NAA; Shooting: 0.4 mg/L BAP + 0.2 mg/L NAA | Callusing and multiple shooting | [16] |
Leaf | Callusing: MS + 1.0 mg/L BAP + 0.05 mg/L NAA | Callusing and organogenesis | [26] |
Leaf | Callusing: MS + 0.5 mg/L NAA or 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/L BAP; Shooting: 0.25 mg/L NAA + 1.0 mg/L BAP; Rooting: ½ MS + 0.1 mg/L IBA | Callusing and organogenesis | [27] |
Elicitor | Culture Type | Culture Conditions | Yield of Artemisinin | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biotic elicitors | ||||
Cell wall’s oligosaccharide from Colletotrichum sp. B501 | Hairy root culture | MS medium + 20 mg/L elicitor | Increased by 68.29% | [57] |
Cerebroside from fungal source | Hairy root culture | MS medium + 10–70 µg/mL cerebroside | Increased by 2.3 folds | [58] |
Oligosaccharide from Fusarium oxysporum mycelium | Hairy root culture | MS medium + 0.3 mg total sugar/mL elicitor | Increased from 0.7 mg/g DW to 1.3 mg/g DW | [59] |
Mycelial extract of Colletotrichum sp. | Hairy root culture | MS medium + 0.4 mg total sugar/mL elicitor | Increased from 0.8 mg/g DW to 1 mg/g DW | [60] |
Pencillium oxalium B4 | In vitro grown Rooted plantlets | MS medium + 5.0 mg/L BAP + 1.0 mg/L NAA + P. oxalium B4 (30 days exposure) | Increased by 43.5% | [62] |
Abiotic elicitors | ||||
Ag-SiO2 nanoparticles | Hairy root culture | MS medium + 900 mg/L nano elicitor | Increased by 3.9 folds | [63] |
Chitosan nanoparticles | Cell suspension culture | MS medium + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/L BAP + 15 mg/L Elicitor | NA | [64] |
Cobalt nano particles | Callus culture | MS medium + 0.5 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L BAP + 5 mg/L elicitor | Increased by 2.25 folds | [65] |
Chitosan | Hairy root culture | MS medium + 150 mg/L chitosan | Increased by 6 folds | [75] |
Oligogalacturonides | Hairy root culture | MS medium + 0.01 mg/L gibberellic acid +60 g/mL elicitor | Increased by 55.2% | [70] |
Heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB) and methyl jasmonate | Cell suspension culture | MS medium + 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.15 mg/L BAP + 50 mM DIMEB + 100 µM Methyl jasmonate | Increased by 300 folds (27 umol/g DW) | [68] |
Methyl jasmonate and mevalonic acid lactone | Cell suspension culture | MS medium + 0.1 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L KN + 50 mg/L mevalonic acid lactone + methyl jasmonate | Increased by 5.93 times | [52] |
Sorbitol and Coronatine | Cell suspension culture | MS medium + 0.1 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L KN + 30 g/L Sorbitol + 0.05 µM Coronatine | Increased by 8 folds | [72] |
Culture Type | Type of Bioreactor | Culture Conditions | Yield | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hairy root culture | Modified nutrient mist bioreactor | ¼ MS + 10 µg/L GA3Batch culture having adequate oxygen supply and nutrient | 1.12 mg/g | [80] |
Shoot culture | Mist bioreactor | MS + 0.05 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L BAP; 25 days batch | 48.2 mg/L | [81] |
Shoot culture | Mist nutrient bioreactor | MS + 0.05 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L BAP; 25 days batch | 46.9 mg/L | [82] |
Hairy root culture | Mist nutrient bioreactor | B5 medium; 1 min on/15 min off mist cycle | NA | [83] |
Hairy root culture | Modified stirred tank bioreactor | ¼ MS + 10 µg/L GA3; Fed batch for 10–15 days | 0.99 mg/g DW | [84] |
Hairy root culture | Stirred tank bioreactor | MS medium; 25-day batch. | 0.32 mg/g DW | [85] |
Adventitious roots | Mist bioreactor | MS medium; 0.5 L/min air, 25-day culture | 46.9 mg DW/L | [86] |
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Al-Khayri, J.M.; Sudheer, W.N.; Lakshmaiah, V.V.; Mukherjee, E.; Nizam, A.; Thiruvengadam, M.; Nagella, P.; Alessa, F.M.; Al-Mssallem, M.Q.; Rezk, A.A.; et al. Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Artemisinin, an Anti-Malarial Drug from Artemisia annua L. Molecules 2022, 27, 3040. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27093040
Al-Khayri JM, Sudheer WN, Lakshmaiah VV, Mukherjee E, Nizam A, Thiruvengadam M, Nagella P, Alessa FM, Al-Mssallem MQ, Rezk AA, et al. Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Artemisinin, an Anti-Malarial Drug from Artemisia annua L. Molecules. 2022; 27(9):3040. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27093040
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Khayri, Jameel M., Wudali N. Sudheer, Vasantha V. Lakshmaiah, Epsita Mukherjee, Aatika Nizam, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Praveen Nagella, Fatima M. Alessa, Muneera Q. Al-Mssallem, Adel A. Rezk, and et al. 2022. "Biotechnological Approaches for Production of Artemisinin, an Anti-Malarial Drug from Artemisia annua L." Molecules 27, no. 9: 3040. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27093040