Advance Progress in Assembly Mechanisms of Carrier-Free Nanodrugs for Cancer Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Noncovalent Interactions-Driven Carrier-Free Nanodrugs
2.1. Hydrogen Bonding Interaction
2.2. π-π Stacking Interaction
2.3. Electrostatic Interaction
2.4. Multiple Noncovalent Interactions
3. Covalent Bonds-Driven Carrier-Free Nanodrugs
3.1. Imine Bond
3.2. Disulfide Bond
3.3. Ester Bond
3.4. Specifically Peptide Linker
4. Metal Ions-Driven Carrier-Free Nanodrugs
4.1. Fe2+/3+ Ions Coordination
4.2. Cu2+ Ions Coordination
4.3. Mn2+ Ions Coordination
4.4. Gd3+ Ions Coordination
4.5. Zn2+ Ions Coordination
4.6. Other Metal Ions Coordination
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
- Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.; Wagle, N.S.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2023, 73, 17–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, J.J.; Pillai, G.G.; Andrade, C.J.; Ligibel, J.A.; Basu, P.; Cohen, L.; Khan, I.A.; Mustian, K.M.; Puthiyedath, R.; Dhiman, K.S. Integrative oncology: Addressing the global challenges of cancer prevention and treatment. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2022, 72, 144–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rivers, D. Lifestyle interventions for cancer survivors. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2022, 22, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alamzadeh, Z.; Beik, J.; Mahabadi, V.P.; Ardekani, A.A.; Ghader, A.; Kamrava, S.K.; Dezfuli, A.S.; Ghaznavi, H.; Shakeri-Zadeh, A. Ultrastructural and optical characteristics of cancer cells treated by a nanotechnology based chemo-photothermal therapy method. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 2019, 192, 19–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mura, S.; Nicolas, J.; Couvreur, P. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 991–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Izci, M.; Maksoudian, C.; Manshian, B.B.; Soenen, S.J. The use of alternative strategies for enhanced nanoparticle delivery to solid tumors. Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 1746–1803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Hui, Y.; Ran, R.; Yang, G.Z.; Wibowo, D.; Wang, H.F.; Middelberg, A.P.J.; Zhao, C.X. Synergetic Combinations of Dual-Targeting Ligands for Enhanced In Vitro and In Vivo Tumor Targeting. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018, 7, e1800106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mansuri, S.; Kesharwani, P.; Tekade, R.K.; Jain, N.K. Lyophilized mucoadhesive-dendrimer enclosed matrix tablet for extended oral delivery of albendazole. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2016, 102, 202–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Zhao, Z.; Gao, R.; Zhang, X.; Sun, Y.; Wu, J.; Liu, J.; Chen, C. Matrix Metalloproteinase-2-Responsive Surface-Changeable Liposomes Decorated by Multifunctional Peptides to Overcome the Drug Resistance of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer through Enhanced Targeting and Penetrability. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2022, 8, 2979–2994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kundu, P.K.; Samanta, D.; Leizrowice, R.; Margulis, B.; Zhao, H.; Borner, M.; Udayabhaskararao, T.; Manna, D.; Klajn, R. Light-controlled self-assembly of non-photoresponsive nanoparticles. Nat. Chem. 2015, 7, 646–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, L.; Zhao, S.; Fang, F.; Xu, T.; Zhang, J. Advances and perspectives in carrier-free nanodrugs for cancer chemo-monotherapy and combination therapy. Biomaterials 2021, 268, 120557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peer, D.; Karp, J.M.; Hong, S.; Farokhzad, O.C.; Margalit, R.; Langer, R. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 751–760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mei, H.; Cai, S.; Huang, D.; Gao, H.; Cao, J.; He, B. Carrier-free nanodrugs with efficient drug delivery and release for cancer therapy: From intrinsic physicochemical properties to external modification. Bioact. Mater. 2022, 8, 220–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, S.-Y.; Zhang, A.-Q.; Cheng, S.-X.; Rong, L.; Zhang, X.-Z. Drug self-delivery systems for cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2017, 112, 234–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Lu, W.; Yu, J.; Liu, S. Carrier-free Janus nano-prodrug based on camptothecin and gemcitabine: Reduction-triggered drug release and synergistic in vitro antiproliferative effect in multiple cancer cells. Int. J. Pharm. 2018, 550, 45–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, P.; Wang, D.; Su, Y.; Huang, W.; Zhou, Y.; Cui, D.; Zhu, X.; Yan, D. Combination of Small Molecule Prodrug and Nanodrug Delivery: Amphiphilic Drug-Drug Conjugate for Cancer Therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 11748–11756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Yu, S.; Lee, D.; Kim, G.; Lee, B.; Cho, Y.; Zheng, B.-Y.; Ke, M.-R.; Huang, J.-D.; Nam, K.T.; et al. Facile Supramolecular Approach to Nucleic-Acid-Driven Activatable Nanotheranostics that Overcome Drawbacks of Photodynamic Therapy. ACS Nano 2017, 12, 681–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, C.; Jiang, Q.; Qian, X.; Wu, W.; Wang, W.; Yu, L.; Chen, Y. A self-assembled carrier-free nanosonosensitizer for photoacoustic imaging-guided synergistic chemo-sonodynamic cancer therapy. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 5587–5600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kung Sutherland, M.S.; Walter, R.B.; Jeffrey, S.C.; Burke, P.J.; Yu, C.; Kostner, H.; Stone, I.; Ryan, M.C.; Sussman, D.; Lyon, R.P. SGN-CD33A: A novel CD33-targeting antibody-drug conjugate using a pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer is active in models of drug-resistant AML. Blood 2013, 122, 1455–1463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, X.; Li, B.B.; Lu, X.; Jia, F.; Santori, C.; Menon, P.; Li, H.; Zhang, B.; Zhao, J.J.; Zhang, K. Light-Triggered, Self-Immolative Nucleic Acid-Drug Nanostructures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 6112–6115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, L.; Hu, S.; Fu, Y.-N.; Wan, Y.; Li, G.; Wang, X. Multicomponent carrier-free nanodrugs for cancer treatment. J. Mater. Chem. B 2022, 10, 9735–9754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, Y.T.; Cen, Y.; Xu, L.; Li, S.Y.; Cheng, H. Recent Progress in Carrier-Free Nanomedicine for Tumor Phototherapy. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2023, 12, 2202307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, L.-H.; Zhang, X.-Z. Carrier-free nanomedicines for cancer treatment. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2022, 125, 100919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, M.; Hou, Y.; Chen, N.; Yang, E.; Sun, Z.; Wu, H.; Xu, X.; Yang, J.; Ma, G.; Huo, X. Co-assemblies based on natural Hemslecin A and β-sitosterol as a new sight for synergistic anti-gastric cancer efficacy in TCM. Colloids Interface Sci. Commun. 2022, 49, 100629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Peng, F.; Kang, Y.; Gong, D.; Fan, J.; Zhang, W.; Qiu, F. High-Loading Self-Assembling Peptide Nanoparticles as a Lipid-Free Carrier for Hydrophobic General Anesthetics. Int. J. Nanomed. 2021, 16, 5317–5331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, L.P.; Zheng, R.R.; Huang, J.Q.; Chen, X.Y.; Deng, F.A.; Liu, Y.B.; Huang, C.Y.; Yu, X.Y.; Cheng, H.; Li, S.Y. Self-Delivery Photo-Immune Stimulators for Photodynamic Sensitized Tumor Immunotherapy. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 17100–17113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.; Zang, W.; Mi, Z.; Li, J.; Wang, L.; **e, D.; Zhao, L.; Wang, D. Tailoring carrier-free nanocombo of small-molecule prodrug for combinational cancer therapy. J. Control. Release 2022, 352, 256–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, N.; Zhao, C.; Cheng, R.; Liu, Z.; Li, X.; Lu, A.; Tian, Z.; Yang, Z. Cargo-Free Nanomedicine with pH Sensitivity for Codelivery of DOX Conjugated Prodrug with SN38 To Synergistically Eradicate Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Mol. Pharm. 2018, 15, 3343–3355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, M.; Xue, P.; Gao, Y.-E.; Ma, X.; Bai, S.; Kang, Y.; Xu, Z. Gemcitabine-camptothecin conjugates: A hybrid prodrug for controlled drug release and synergistic therapeutics. Biomater. Sci. 2017, 5, 1889–1897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, M.; Qin, S.; Jia, H.; Zheng, D.; Rong, L.; Zhang, X. Self-delivery of a peptide-based prodrug for tumor-targeting therapy. Nano Res. 2015, 9, 663–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, P.; Wang, X.; Li, T.; Li, L.; Wu, H.; Tu, J.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, L.; Guo, Z.; Chen, Q. Bioinspired Microenvironment Responsive Nanoprodrug as an Efficient Hydrophobic Drug Self-Delivery System for Cancer Therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 33926–33936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, S.; Wang, Z.; Kong, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Sun, B.; Zhang, H.; Kan, Q.; He, Z.; Luo, C.; et al. Photosensitizer-driven nanoassemblies of homodimeric prodrug for self-enhancing activation and synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy. Theranostics 2021, 11, 6019–6032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, J.; Wang, J.; Ye, J.; Jiao, J.; Liu, Z.; Zhao, C.; Li, B.; Fu, Y. Metal-coordinated supramolecular self-assemblies for cancer theranostics. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, e2101101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Li, N.; Zhang, S.; Sun, B.; Chen, Q.; He, Z.; Luo, C.; Sun, J. Emerging carrier-free nanosystems based on molecular self-assembly of pure drugs for cancer therapy. Med. Res. Rev. 2020, 40, 1754–1775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, M.-Y.; Zhao, R.-R.; Fang, Y.-F.; Jiang, J.-L.; Yuan, X.-T.; Shao, J.-W. Carrier-free nanodrug: A novel strategy of cancer diagnosis and synergistic therapy. Int. J. Pharm. 2019, 570, 118663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Y.; Yang, P.; Zhao, X.; Gao, D.; Sun, N.; Tian, Z.; Ma, T.; Yang, Z. Multifunctional cargo-free nanomedicine for cancer therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Webber, M.J.; Appel, E.A.; Meijer, E.; Langer, R. Supramolecular biomaterials. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 13–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, S.; Li, G.; Zang, W.; Zhou, X.; Shi, K.; Zhai, Y. Pure drug nano-assemblies: A facile carrier-free nanoplatform for efficient cancer therapy. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 2022, 12, 92–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chandler, D. Interfaces and the driving force of hydrophobic assembly. Nature 2005, 437, 640–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Wu, Y.; Lortie, F.; Bernard, J.; Binder, W.H.; Zhu, J. Hydrogen-Bonds-Mediated Nanomedicine: Design, Synthesis, and Applications. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2022, 43, e2200168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niu, D.; Jiang, Y.; Ji, L.; Ouyang, G.; Liu, M. Self-assembly through coordination and π-stacking: Controlled switching of circularly polarized luminescence. Angew. Chem. 2019, 58, 5946–5950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, Z.; Bhaskaran, A.; Aitken, H.M.; Shackleford, I.C.; Connal, L.A. Using synergistic multiple dynamic bonds to construct polymers with engineered properties. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2019, 40, e1900038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, R.; **ng, R.; Jiao, T.; Ma, K.; Chen, C.; Ma, G.; Yan, X. Carrier-Free, Chemophotodynamic Dual Nanodrugs via Self-Assembly for Synergistic Antitumor Therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 13262–13269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; **e, H.; Wang, J.; Wu, J.; Ma, X.; Li, L.; Wei, X.; Ling, Q.; Song, P.; Zhou, L.; et al. Self-Assembling Prodrugs by Precise Programming of Molecular Structures that Contribute Distinct Stability, Pharmacokinetics, and Antitumor Efficacy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 4956–4965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.; Bao, Y.; Wang, J.; **ao, C.; Chen, L. Construction of carrier-free porphyrin-based drug self-framed delivery system to reverse multidrug resistance through photodynamic-chemotherapy. Dyes Pigments 2020, 177, 107922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steiner, T. The hydrogen bond in the solid state. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 48–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Zhu, J.; Fang, T.; Li, M.; Chen, G.; Chen, Q. Supramolecular biomaterials for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. J. Mater. Chem. B 2022, 10, 7183–7193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, M.; Zheng, Y.-H.; Zhao, Q.-Y.; Zheng, W.; Yang, J.-H.; Pei, H.-Y.; Liu, L.; Liu, K.-J.; Xue, L.-L.; Deng, D.-X. Synthesis and evaluation of new compounds bearing 3-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl) methyl magnolol scaffold as anticancer agents for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer via targeting autophagy. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2021, 209, 112922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ji, H.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; Han, X.; Zhang, X.; Wang, J.; Liu, C.; Huang, L.; Gao, W. Natural Small Molecules Enabled Efficient Immunotherapy through Supramolecular Self-Assembly in P53-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 2464–2477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, J.; Qiao, W.; Li, X.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, H.; Dong, A.; Yang, X. A directed co-assembly of herbal small molecules into carrier-free nanodrugs for enhanced synergistic antitumor efficacy. J. Mater. Chem. B 2021, 9, 1040–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Zhang, W.; Shi, N.; Li, W.; Bi, J.; Feng, X.; Shi, N.; Zhu, W.; **e, Z. Self-assembly and self-delivery of the pure nanodrug dihydroartemisinin for tumor therapy and mechanism analysis. Biomater. Sci. 2023, 11, 2478–2485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grimme, S. Do special noncovalent π–π stacking interactions really exist? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2008, 47, 3430–3434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, H.; Chen, J.; Xu, C.; Shi, L.; Tayier, M.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, J.; Wu, J.; Ye, Z.; Fang, T. Cancer nanomedicines stabilized by π-π stacking between heterodimeric prodrugs enable exceptionally high drug loading capacity and safer delivery of drug combinations. Theranostics 2017, 7, 3638–3652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhuang, W.-R.; Wang, Y.; Cui, P.-F.; **ng, L.; Lee, J.; Kim, D.; Jiang, H.-L.; Oh, Y.-K. Applications of π-π stacking interactions in the design of drug-delivery systems. J. Control. Release 2019, 294, 311–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, S.; Yang, X. Recent advances in natural small molecules as drug delivery systems. J. Mater. Chem. B 2023, 11, 4584–4599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ethirajan, M.; Chen, Y.; Joshi, P.; Pandey, R.K. The role of porphyrin chemistry in tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 340–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Lee, S.; Yoon, J. Supramolecular photosensitizers rejuvenate photodynamic therapy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 1174–1188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, C.; Wang, H.; Mao, D.; Zhang, X.; Fengzhao, Q.; Shi, Y.; Ding, D.; Kong, D.; Wang, L.; Yang, Z. When Molecular Probes Meet Self-Assembly: An Enhanced Quenching Effect. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2015, 54, 4823–4827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Li, F.; Lu, T.; Wu, R.; Yang, S.; Chen, W. Photodynamic and ferroptotic Ce6@ ZIF-8@ ssPDA for head and neck cancer treatment. Mater. Des. 2022, 224, 111403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mai, Z.; Zhong, J.; Zhang, J.; Chen, G.; Tang, Y.; Ma, W.; Li, G.; Feng, Z.; Li, F.; Liang, X.-J. Carrier-free immunotherapeutic nano-booster with dual synergistic effects based on glutaminase inhibition combined with photodynamic therapy. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 1583–1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Yu, H.; Yang, X.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Gu, T.; Zhang, S.; Luo, C. Elaborately engineering of a dual-drug co-assembled nanomedicine for boosting immunogenic cell death and enhancing triple negative breast cancer treatment. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 2022, 17, 412–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qin, X.; Zhang, M.; Zhao, Z.; Du, Q.; Li, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Xue, F.; Luan, Y. A Carrier-Free Photodynamic Nanodrug to Enable Regulation of Dendritic Cells for Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy. Acta Biomater. 2022, 47, 366–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, T.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, K.; Huang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Xu, S.; Wang, W. CDK4/6 nano-PROTAC enhances mitochondria-dependent photodynamic therapy and anti-tumor immunity. Nano Today 2023, 50, 101890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richardson, J.J.; Björnmalm, M.; Caruso, F. Multilayer assembly. Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of nanofilms. Science 2015, 348, aaa2491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murray, J.S.; Politzer, P. The electrostatic potential: An overview. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Mol. Sci. 2011, 1, 153–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, L.; Rao, X.; Zheng, R.; Huang, C.; Kong, R.; Yu, X.; Cheng, H.; Li, S. Targeting glutamine metabolism with photodynamic immunotherapy for metastatic tumor eradication. J. Control. Release 2023, 357, 460–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le, J.-Q.; Yang, F.; Yin, M.-D.; Zhao, R.-R.; Zhang, B.-C.; Li, C.; Lin, J.-F.; Fang, Y.-F.; Lin, Y.-T.; Shao, J.-W. Biomimetic polyphenol-coated nanoparticles by Co-assembly of mTOR inhibitor and photosensitizer for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy. Colloids Surf. B 2022, 209, 112177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, L.-P.; Chen, S.-Y.; Zheng, R.-R.; Rao, X.-N.; Kong, R.-J.; Huang, C.-Y.; Liu, Y.-B.; Tang, Y.; Cheng, H.; Li, S.-Y. Photodynamic Therapy Initiated Ferrotherapy of Self-Delivery Nanomedicine to Amplify Lipid Peroxidation via GPX4 Inactivation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 53501–53510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Yang, F.; Sun, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, H.; Kan, Q.; Sun, J.; He, Z. Precisely engineering a carrier-free hybrid nanoassembly for multimodal DNA damage-augmented photodynamic therapy. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 426, 130838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Li, Y.; Liu, J.; Zhu, Q.; Ma, J.; Zhu, X. Erythrocyte membrane bioengineered nanoprobes via indocyanine green-directed assembly for single NIR laser-induced efficient photodynamic/photothermal theranostics. J. Control. Release 2021, 335, 345–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lan, J.-S.; Liu, L.; Zeng, R.-F.; Qin, Y.-H.; Hou, J.-W.; **e, S.-S.; Yue, S.; Yang, J.; Ho, R.J.; Ding, Y. Tumor-specific carrier-free nanodrugs with GSH depletion and enhanced ROS generation for endogenous synergistic anti-tumor by a chemotherapy-photodynamic therapy. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 407, 127212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lynch, I.; Dawson, K.A. Protein-nanoparticle interactions. Nano Today 2008, 3, 40–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walkey, C.D.; Chan, W.C. Understanding and controlling the interaction of nanomaterials with proteins in a physiological environment. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 2780–2799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dobrovolskaia, M.A.; Patri, A.K.; Zheng, J.; Clogston, J.D.; Ayub, N.; Aggarwal, P.; Neun, B.W.; Hall, J.B.; Mcneil, S.E. Interaction of colloidal gold nanoparticles with human blood: Effects on particle size and analysis of plasma protein binding profiles. Nanomedicine 2009, 5, 106–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, S.; Jiang, S.; Rahman, M.S.U.; Mei, J.; Wang, X.; Jiang, J.; Chen, Y.; Xu, S.; Liu, Y. Pre-Induced ICD Membrane-Coated Carrier-Free Nanoparticles for the Personalized Lung Cancer Immunotherapy. Small Methods 2023, 7, e2201569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Souza, C.; Pellosi, D.S.; Tedesco, A.C. Prodrugs for targeted cancer therapy. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 2019, 19, 483–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walther, R.; Rautio, J.; Zelikin, A.N. Prodrugs in medicinal chemistry and enzyme prodrug therapies. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2017, 118, 65–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrisson, S.; Nicolas, J.; Maksimenko, A.; Bui, D.T.; Mougin, J.; Couvreur, P. Nanoparticles with in vivo anticancer activity from polymer prodrug amphiphiles prepared by living radical polymerization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2013, 52, 1678–1682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Sun, B.; Li, Y.; Luo, C.; He, Z.; Sun, J. Small-molecule prodrug nanoassemblies: An emerging nanoplatform for anticancer drug delivery. Small 2021, 17, e2101460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, C.; Sun, J.; Sun, B.; He, Z. Prodrug-based nanoparticulate drug delivery strategies for cancer therapy. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2014, 35, 556–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Low, L.E.; Wu, J.; Lee, J.; Tey, B.T.; Goh, B.H.; Gao, J.; Li, F.; Ling, D. Tumor-responsive dynamic nanoassemblies for targeted imaging, therapy and microenvironment manipulation. J. Control. Release 2020, 324, 69–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, A.; Böttger, R.; Li, S.-D. Recent trends in bioresponsive linker technologies of prodrug-based self-assembling nanomaterials. Biomaterials 2021, 275, 120955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, S.; Shan, X.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Q.; Sun, J.; He, Z.; Sun, B.; Luo, C. Dimeric prodrug-based nanomedicines for cancer therapy. J. Control. Release 2020, 326, 510–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xue, P.; Wang, J.; Han, X.; Wang, Y. Hydrophobic drug self-delivery systems as a versatile nanoplatform for cancer therapy: A review. Colloids Surf. B 2019, 180, 202–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hou, M.; Ye, M.; Liu, L.; Xu, M.; Liu, H.; Zhang, H.; Li, Y.; Xu, Z.; Li, B. Azide-locked prodrug co-assembly into nanoparticles with indocyanine green for chemophotothermal therapy. Mol. Pharm. 2022, 19, 3279–3287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kyu Shim, M.; Yang, S.; Sun, I.C.; Kim, K. Tumor-activated carrier-free prodrug nanoparticles for targeted cancer Immunotherapy: Preclinical evidence for safe and effective drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2022, 183, 114177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Torchilin, V.P. Multifunctional, stimuli-sensitive nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2014, 13, 813–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, X.; Brahma, R.K.; Fang, C.; Yao, S.Q. Stimulus-responsive self-assembled prodrugs in cancer therapy. Chem. Sci. 2022, 13, 4239–4269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mellman, I.; Fuchs, R.; Helenius, A. Acidification of the endocytic and exocytic pathways. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1986, 55, 663–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kanamala, M.; Wilson, W.R.; Yang, M.; Palmer, B.D.; Wu, Z. Mechanisms and biomaterials in pH-responsive tumour targeted drug delivery: A review. Biomaterials 2016, 85, 152–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Chen, X.; Chen, L.; Yu, S.; Cao, Y.; He, C.; Chen, X. Intracellular pH-Sensitive PEG-block-Acetalated-Dextrans as Efficient Drug Delivery Platforms. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 10760–10766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Belowich, M.E.; Stoddart, J.F. Dynamic imine chemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 2003–2024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, X.; Jazani, A.M.; Oh, J.K. Recent advances in development of imine-based acid-degradable polymeric nanoassemblies for intracellular drug delivery. Polymer 2021, 230, 124024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Yao, J.; Guan, Z.; Wu, H.; Cheng, H.; Yan, G.; Tang, R. pH-triggered small molecule nano-prodrugs emulsified from tryptamine-cinnamaldehyde twin drug for targeted synergistic glioma therapy. Colloids Surf. B 2021, 207, 112052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raguz, S.; Yague, E. Resistance to chemotherapy: New treatments and novel insights into an old problem. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 99, 387–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fan, B.; Li, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Shen, W.; **ng, Y.; Liang, G.; Wu, Q.; Ban, S.; Zhang, R. Development of carrier-free nanodrugs based on low molecular weight heparin-doxorubicin conjugate assembly with smart pH-triggered drug release characteristics for combinatorial antitumor therapy. New J. Chem. 2022, 46, 820–831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, P.; Zhang, H.; Sun, M.; Mao, S.; He, Q.; Shi, Y.; Deng, Y.; Dong, Z.; Xu, Q.; Zhao, C. Manipulating Offense and Defense Signaling to Fight Cold Tumors with Carrier-Free Nanoassembly of Fluorinated Prodrug and siRNA. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, e2203019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fang, J.; Seki, T.; Maeda, H. Therapeutic strategies by modulating oxygen stress in cancer and inflammation. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2009, 61, 290–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Q.; Guan, J.; Wan, J.; Li, Z. Disulfide based prodrugs for cancer therapy. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 24397–24409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Wang, F.; Li, M.; Yu, Z.; Qi, R.; Ding, J.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, X. Self-Stabilized Hyaluronate Nanogel for Intracellular Codelivery of Doxorubicin and Cisplatin to Osteosarcoma. Adv. Sci. 2018, 5, 1700821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, B.; Luo, C.; Yu, H.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Q.; Yang, W.; Wang, M.; Kan, Q.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Y. Disulfide bond-driven oxidation-and reduction-responsive prodrug nanoassemblies for cancer therapy. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 3643–3650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pei, Q.; Hu, X.; Liu, S.; Li, Y.; **e, Z.; **g, X. Paclitaxel dimers assembling nanomedicines for treatment of cervix carcinoma. J. Control. Release 2017, 254, 23–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kang, W.; Ji, Y.; Cheng, Y. Van der Waals force-driven indomethacin-ss-paclitaxel nanodrugs for reversing multidrug resistance and enhancing NSCLC therapy. Int. J. Pharm. 2021, 603, 120691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, Y.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Han, F.; Xu, F.; Chen, Y. Mediating physicochemical properties and paclitaxel release of pH-responsive H-type multiblock copolymer self-assembly nanomicelles through epoxidation. J. Mater. Chem. B 2017, 5, 3111–3121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gamcsik, M.P.; Kasibhatla, M.S.; Teeter, S.D.; Colvin, O.M. Glutathione levels in human tumors. Biomarkers 2012, 17, 671–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Feng, W.; Lv, Y.; Chen, Z.; Wang, F.; Wang, Y.; Pei, Y.; **, W.; Shi, C.; Wang, Y.; Qu, Y. A carrier-free multifunctional nano photosensitizer based on self-assembly of lactose-conjugated BODIPY for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of dual phototherapy. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 417, 129178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yue, C.; Zhang, C.; Alfranca, G.; Yang, Y.; Jiang, X.; Yang, Y.; Pan, F.; de la Fuente, J.M.; Cui, D. Near-infrared light triggered ROS-activated theranostic platform based on Ce6-CPT-UCNPs for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and chemo-photodynamic combined therapy. Theranostics 2016, 6, 456–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, B.; Wei, L.; Wang, Y.; Li, N.; Sun, J. Oxidation-strengthened disulfide-bridged prodrug nanoplatforms with cascade facilitated drug release for synergetic photochemotherapy. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 15, 637–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavis, L.D. Ester bonds in prodrugs. ACS Chem. Biol. 2008, 3, 203–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, L.; Xu, J.; **e, Z.; Song, F.; Wang, X.; Tang, R. Carrier-free prodrug nanoparticles based on dasatinib and cisplatin for efficient antitumor in vivo. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 2021, 16, 762–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Yu, N.; Li, J.; Bai, J.; Ding, D.; Tang, Q.; Xu, H. Novel “Carrier-Free” nanofiber codelivery systems with the synergistic antitumor effect of paclitaxel and tetrandrine through the enhancement of mitochondrial apoptosis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 10096–10106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fan, Z.; Wang, Y.; **ang, S.; Zuo, W.; Huang, D.; Jiang, B.; Sun, H.; Yin, W.; **e, L.; Hou, Z. Dual-self-recognizing, stimulus-responsive and carrier-free methotrexate–mannose conjugate nanoparticles with highly synergistic chemotherapeutic effects. J. Mater. Chem. B 2020, 8, 1922–1934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olson, O.C.; Joyce, J.A. Cysteine cathepsin proteases: Regulators of cancer progression and therapeutic response. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2015, 15, 712–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kessenbrock, K.; Plaks, V.; Werb, Z. Matrix metalloproteinases: Regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Cell 2010, 141, 52–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mu, J.; Lin, J.; Huang, P.; Chen, X. Development of endogenous enzyme-responsive nanomaterials for theranostics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 5554–5573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Cheetham, A.G.; Angacian, G.; Su, H.; **e, L.; Cui, H. Peptide-drug conjugates as effective prodrug strategies for targeted delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2017, 110, 112–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Wu, W.; Li, R.Q.; Qiu, W.X.; Zhuang, Z.N.; Cheng, S.X.; Zhang, X.Z. Peptide-based multifunctional nanomaterials for tumor imaging and therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1804492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qi, G.B.; Gao, Y.J.; Wang, L.; Wang, H. Self-assembled peptide-based nanomaterials for biomedical imaging and therapy. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, e1703444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilhelm, S.; Tavares, A.J.; Dai, Q.; Ohta, S.; Audet, J.; Dvorak, H.F.; Chan, W.C. Analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumours. Nat. Mater. 2016, 1, 16014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akinyemi, A.O.; Pereira, G.; Rocha, F.V. Role of Cathepsin B in Cancer Progression: A Potential Target for Coordination Compounds. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2021, 21, 1612–1624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shim, M.K.; Moon, Y.; Yang, S.; Kim, J.; Cho, H.; Lim, S.; Yoon, H.Y.; Seong, J.-K.; Kim, K. Cancer-specific drug-drug nanoparticles of pro-apoptotic and cathepsin B-cleavable peptide-conjugated doxorubicin for drug-resistant cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2020, 261, 120347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shim, N.; Jeon, S.I.; Yang, S.; Park, J.Y.; Jo, M.; Kim, J.; Choi, J.; Yun, W.S.; Kim, J.; Lee, Y. Comparative study of cathepsin B-cleavable linkers for the optimal design of cathepsin B-specific doxorubicin prodrug nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2022, 289, 121806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, C.; He, X.; Chen, Y.; Yang, X.; Qin, L.; Lei, T.; Zhou, Y.; Gong, T.; Huang, Y.; Gao, H. Metformin mediated PD-L1 downregulation in combination with photodynamic-immunotherapy for treatment of breast cancer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2007149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, J.; Rao, L.; Yu, G.; Cook, T.R.; Chen, X.; Huang, F. Supramolecular cancer nanotheranostics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 2839–2891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tu, L.; Fan, Z.; Zhu, F.; Zhang, Q.; Zeng, S.; Chen, Z.; Ren, L.; Hou, Z.; Ye, S.; Li, Y. Self-recognizing and stimulus-responsive carrier-free metal-coordinated nanotheranostics for magnetic resonance/photoacoustic/fluorescence imaging-guided synergistic photo-chemotherapy. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2020, 8, 5667–5681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, B.; Hu, F.; Zhang, J.; Wang, C.; Li, L. A biomimetic coordination nanoplatform for controlled encapsulation and delivery of drug-gene combinations. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2019, 58, 8804–8808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, C.; Liu, D.; Lin, W. Nanomedicine applications of hybrid nanomaterials built from metal–ligand coordination bonds: Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks and nanoscale coordination polymers. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 11079–11108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Xu, X.; Ye, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, Q.; Liu, Z.; Xu, J.; Fu, Y. Metal-coordinated nanodrugs based on natural products for cancer theranostics. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 456, 140892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, S.; Le, H.; Hong, G.; Chen, G.; Zhang, F.; Lu, L.; Zhang, X.; Qiu, Y.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, Q. An all-in-one biomimetic iron-small interfering RNA nanoplatform induces ferroptosis for cancer therapy. Acta Biomater. 2022, 148, 244–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, M.; Li, Z.; Su, L.; Xu, X.; **ng, C.; Li, J.; Lin, L.; Lu, C. siRNA-Based Carrier-Free System for Synergistic Chemo/Chemodynamic/RNAi Therapy of Drug-Resistant Tumors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 14, 361–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Zuo, W.; **, Q.; Liu, C.; Liu, N.; Tian, H.; Zhu, X. Mn (II)-directed dual-photosensitizers co-assemblies for multimodal imaging-guided self-enhanced phototherapy. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2021, 129, 112351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wen, Y.; Hu, J.; Liu, J.; Li, M. Degradable Carrier-Free Metal-Phenolic Network Theranostic Agent with Targeted Mitochondrial Damage for Efficient Cancer Theranostics. Chem. Mater. 2021, 33, 7089–7099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.; Hou, Y.; Zeng, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, R.; Ma, T.; Gao, M. Coordinatively unsaturated Fe3+ based activatable probes for enhanced MRI and therapy of tumors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 11088–11096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhuang, Y.; Han, S.; Fang, Y.; Huang, H.; Wu, J. Multidimensional transitional metal-actuated nanoplatforms for cancer chemodynamic modulation. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2022, 455, 214360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Z.; Sun, S.; Sun, R.; Cui, G.; Hong, L.; Rao, B.; Li, A.; Yu, Z.; Kan, Q.; Mao, Z. A metal-polyphenol-coordinated nanomedicine for synergistic cascade cancer chemotherapy and chemodynamic therapy. Adv Mater. 2020, 32, 1906024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Li, X.; Gong, S.; Zhang, C.; Qian, C.; Qiao, H.; Sun, M. Dual-mode avocado-like all-iron nanoplatform for enhanced T1/T2 MRI-guided cancer theranostic therapy. Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 4842–4849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, L.; McClements, D.J.; Wei, Z.; Wang, G.; Liu, X.; Liu, F. Delivery of synergistic polyphenol combinations using biopolymer-based systems: Advances in physicochemical properties, stability and bioavailability. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2020, 60, 2083–2097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shang, L.; Yang, T.; Yang, C.; Li, Z.; Kong, L.; Zhang, Z. Metal ions-mediated self-assembly of nanomedicine for combinational therapy against triple-negative breast cancer. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 425, 131420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, Z.; Shi, D.; Zuo, W.; Feng, J.; Ge, D.; Su, G.; Yang, L.; Hou, Z. Trojan-Horse Diameter-Reducible Nanotheranostics for Macroscopic/Microscopic Imaging-Monitored Chemo-Antiangiogenic Therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 5033–5052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Liu, H.; Zhang, J.; Feng, H.; Li, B.; Wu, X.; Gao, Y. A redox-triggered C-centered free radicals nanogenerator for self-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and chemodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2021, 266, 120457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, Y.-N.; Zhang, W.-X.; Gao, Y.-R.; Wei, Y.-N.; Shu, Y.; Wang, J.-H. State-of-the-art advances of copper-based nanostructures in the enhancement of chemodynamic therapy. J. Mater. Chem. B 2021, 9, 250–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pi, W.; Wu, L.; Lu, J.; Lin, X.; Huang, X.; Wang, Z.; Yuan, Z.; Qiu, H.; Zhang, J.; Lei, H. A metal ions-mediated natural small molecules carrier-free injectable hydrogel achieving laser-mediated photo-Fenton-like anticancer therapy by synergy apoptosis/cuproptosis/anti-inflammation. Bioact. Mater. 2023, 29, 98–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, X.; Gao, S.; Lin, H.; Yu, L.; Han, Y.; Zhu, P.; Bao, W.; Yao, H.; Chen, Y.; Shi, J. Bioinspired copper single-atom catalysts for tumor parallel catalytic therapy. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2002246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koo, S.; Park, O.K.; Kim, J.; Han, S.I.; Yoo, T.Y.; Lee, N.; Kim, Y.G.; Kim, H.; Lim, C.; Bae, J.-S. Enhanced chemodynamic therapy by Cu-Fe peroxide nanoparticles: Tumor microenvironment-mediated synergistic Fenton reaction. ACS Nano 2022, 16, 2535–2545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Feng, G.N.; Huang, X.T.; Jiang, X.L.; Deng, T.W.; Li, Q.X.; Li, J.X.; Wu, Q.N.; Li, S.P.; Sun, X.Q.; Huang, Y.G.; et al. The Antibacterial Effects of Supermolecular Nano-Carriers by Combination of Silver and Photodynamic Therapy. Front. Chem. 2021, 9, 666408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, L.; Zuo, W.; **ao, Z.; **, Q.; Liu, J.; Wu, L.; Liu, N.; Zhu, X. A carrier-free metal-coordinated dual-photosensitizers nanotheranostic with glutathione-depletion for fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging-guided tumor phototherapy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 600, 243–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guan, G.; Zhang, C.; Liu, H.; Wang, Y.; Dong, Z.; Lu, C.; Nan, B.; Yue, R.; Yin, X.; Zhang, X.B. Ternary Alloy PtWMn as a Mn Nanoreservoir for High-Field MRI Monitoring and Highly Selective Ferroptosis Therapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2022, 134, e202117229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, K.F.; Jia, H.R.; Zhu, Y.X.; Liu, X.; Gao, G.; Li, Y.H.; Wu, F.G. Cholesterol-Modified Dendrimers for Constructing a Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Drug Delivery System. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 5, 6072–6081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, J.; Xu, M.; Mu, Y.; Li, J.; Foda, M.F.; Zhang, W.; Han, K.; Han, H. Reasonably retard O2 consumption through a photoactivity conversion nanocomposite for oxygenated photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2019, 218, 119312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Liu, K.; Li, S.; **n, X.; Yuan, S.; Ma, G.; Yan, X. Self-Assembled Minimalist Multifunctional Theranostic Nanoplatform for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Tumor Photodynamic Therapy. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 8266–8276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **ng, R.; Zou, Q.; Yuan, C.; Zhao, L.; Chang, R.; Yan, X. Self-Assembling Endogenous Biliverdin as a Versatile Near-Infrared Photothermal Nanoagent for Cancer Theranostics. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1900822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Geng, Z.; Chen, F.; Wang, X.; Wang, L.; Pang, Y.; Liu, J. Combining anti-PD-1 antibodies with Mn2+-drug coordinated multifunctional nanoparticles for enhanced cancer therapy. Biomaterials. 2021, 275, 120897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, C.; Wang, Y.; Phua, S.Z.F.; Lim, W.Q.; Zhao, Y. ZnO-DOX@ZIF-8 Core-Shell Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery. ACS. Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2017, 3, 2223–2229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chu, C.; Lin, H.; Liu, H.; Wang, X.; Wang, J.; Zhang, P.; Gao, H.; Huang, C.; Zeng, Y.; Tan, Y. Tumor microenvironment-triggered supramolecular system as an in situ nanotheranostic generator for cancer phototherapy. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1605928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Y.; Li, H.; Li, Z.; Luo, Q.; Zhu, H.; Gu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Gong, Q.; Luo, K. Engineered gadolinium-based nanomaterials as cancer imaging agents. Appl. Mater. Today 2020, 20, 100686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, J.X.; Zheng, D.W.; Mei, W.W.; Chen, S.; Chen, S.Y.; Cheng, S.X.; Zhang, X.Z. A metal-polyphenol network coated nanotheranostic system for metastatic tumor treatments. Small 2017, 13, 1702714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stigliano, C.; Key, J.; Ramirez, M.; Aryal, S.; Decuzzi, P. Radiolabeled Polymeric Nanoconstructs Loaded with Docetaxel and Curcumin for Cancer Combinatorial Therapy and Nuclear Imaging. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 3371–3379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, Z.; Jiang, B.; Zhu, Q.; **ang, S.; Tu, L.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Huang, D.; Han, J.; Su, G. Tumor-specific endogenous FeII-activated, MRI-guided self-targeting gadolinium-coordinated theranostic nanoplatforms for amplification of ROS and enhanced chemodynamic chemotherapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 14884–14904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Detappe, A.; Kunjachan, S.; Rottmann, J.; Robar, J.; Tsiamas, P.; Korideck, H.; Tillement, O.; Berbeco, R. AGuIX nanoparticles as a promising platform for image-guided radiation therapy. Cancer Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Z.; Yao, D.; Ye, Q.; Jiang, H.; Gu, R.; Ji, C.; Wu, J.; Hu, Y.; Yuan, A. Zoledronic Acid-Gadolinium Coordination Polymer Nanorods for Improved Tumor Radioimmunotherapy by Synergetically Inducing Immunogenic Cell Death and Reprogramming the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 8450–8465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, H.; Huang, P.Y.; Yan, P.; Chen, P.L.; Shi, Q.Y.; Zhao, Z.A.; Chen, J.X.; Shu, X.; Wang, P.; Yang, B.; et al. Versatile Nanodrugs Containing Glutathione and Heme Oxygenase 1 Inhibitors Enable Suppression of Antioxidant Defense System in a Two-Pronged Manner for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2021, 10, e2100770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fan, Z.; Sun, L.; Huang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, M. Bioinspired fluorescent dipeptide nanoparticles for targeted cancer cell imaging and real-time monitoring of drug release. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 388–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, L.; Wu, W.; Duan, Y.; Xu, L.; Li, S.; Gao, X.; Liu, B. Carrier-Free Hybrid DNA Nanoparticles for Light-Induced Self-Delivery of Functional Nucleic Acid Enzymes. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 1841–1849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fan, Y.; Cui, Y.; Hao, W.; Chen, M.; Liu, Q.; Wang, Y.; Yang, M.; Li, Z.; Gong, W.; Song, S.; et al. Carrier-free highly drug-loaded biomimetic nanosuspensions encapsulated by cancer cell membrane based on homology and active targeting for the treatment of glioma. Bioact. Mater. 2021, 6, 4402–4414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, G.; Yu, S.; Saha, M.L.; Zhou, J.; Chen, X. A discrete organoplatinum(II) metallacage as a multimodality theranostic platform for cancer photochemotherapy. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 4335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, H.; Li, Q.; Shi, B.; Ge, F.; Liu, Y.; Mao, Z.; Zhu, H.; Wang, S.; Yu, G.; Huang, F.; et al. Dual-Emissive Platinum(II) Metallacage with a Sensitive Oxygen Response for Imaging of Hypoxia and Imaging-Guided Chemotherapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2020, 59, 20208–20214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yu, G.; Crawley, M.R.; Fulong, C.R.P.; Friedman, A.E.; Sengupta, S.; Sun, J.; Li, Q.; Huang, F.; et al. Highly Emissive Self-Assembled BODIPY-Platinum Supramolecular Triangles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 7730–7736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, X.; Yin, W.; Shi, D.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, D. Shuttle-Shape Carrier-Free Platinum-Coordinated Nanoreactors with O2 Self-Supply and ROS Augment for Enhanced Phototherapy of Hypoxic Tumor. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 32690–32702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- **ng, L.; Yang, C.X.; Zhao, D.; Shen, L.J.; Zhou, T.J.; Bi, Y.Y.; Huang, Z.J.; Wei, Q.; Li, L.; Li, F. A carrier-free anti-inflammatory platinum (II) self-delivered nanoprodrug for enhanced breast cancer therapy. J. Control. Release 2021, 331, 460–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orrenius, S.; Zhivotovsky, B.; Nicotera, P. Regulation of cell death: The calcium-apoptosis link. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003, 4, 552–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoon, M.J.; Kim, E.H.; Kwon, T.K.; Park, S.A.; Choi, K.S. Simultaneous mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and proteasomal inhibition are responsible for the induction of paraptosis in malignant breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2012, 324, 197–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.; Palanikumar, L.; Choi, H.; Jeena, M.T.; Kim, C.; Ryu, J.-H. Intra-mitochondrial biomineralization for inducing apoptosis of cancer cells. Chem. Sci. 2018, 9, 2474–2479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chenguang, L.; Lingxiao, G.; Yong, W.; Jianting, Z.; Caiyun, F. Delivering metal ions by nanomaterials: Turning metal ions into drug-like cancer theranostic agents. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2023, 494, 215332. [Google Scholar]
- Qin, M.; Li, M.; Song, G.; Yang, C.; Wu, P.; Dai, W.; Zhang, H.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, D. Boosting innate and adaptive antitumor immunity via a biocompatible and carrier-free nanovaccine engineered by the bisphosphonates-metal coordination. Nano Today 2021, 37, 101097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, X.; Qiu, M.; Wang, T.; Li, B.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, T.; Liu, P.; Wang, Q.; Qian, Z.R.; Zhu, C. Carrier-free multifunctional nanomedicine for intraperitoneal disseminated ovarian cancer therapy. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2022, 20, 93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Möschwitzer, J. Drug nanocrystals in the commercial pharmaceutical development process. Int. J. Pharm. 2013, 453, 142–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hollis, C.; Weiss, H.; Leggas, M.; Evers, B.; Gemeinhart, R.A.; Li, T. Biodistribution and bioimaging studies of hybrid paclitaxel nanocrystals: Lessons learned of the EPR effect and image-guided drug delivery. J. Control. Release 2013, 172, 12–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shete, G.; Pawar, Y.; Thanki, K.; Jain, S.; Bansal, A. Oral bioavailability and pharmacodynamic activity of hesperetin nanocrystals generated using a novel bottom-up technology. Mol. Pharm. 2015, 12, 1158–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shegokar, R.; Müller, R. Nanocrystals: Industrially feasible multifunctional formulation technology for poorly soluble actives. Int. J. Pharm. 2010, 399, 129–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, D.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, G.; Zhuang, J.; Wu, W. Improving systemic circulation of paclitaxel nanocrystals by surface hybridization of DSPE-PEG2000. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2019, 182, 110337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parmar, P.; Wadhawan, J.; Bansal, A. Pharmaceutical nanocrystals: A promising approach for improved topical drug delivery. Drug Discov. Today 2021, 26, 2329–2349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miao, X.; Yang, W.; Feng, T.; Lin, J.; Huang, P. Drug nanocrystals for cancer therapy. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2018, 10, e1499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- **ang, H.; Xu, S.; Li, J.; Li, Y.; Xue, X.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.; Miao, X. Functional drug nanocrystals for cancer-target delivery. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2022, 76, 103807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Han, M.; Guo, Y.; Kuang, H.; Wang, X. A stabilizer-free and organic solvent-free method to prepare 10-hydroxycamptothecin nanocrystals: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int. J. Nanomed. 2016, 11, 2979–2994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Long, L.; **ong, Y.; Wang, C.; Peng, C.; Yuan, Y.; Liu, Z.; Lin, Y.; Jia, Y.; Zhou, X. Facile engineering of indomethacin-induced paclitaxel nanocrystal aggregates as carrier-free nanomedicine with improved synergetic antitumor activity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 9872–9883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Su, Y.; Gao, J.; Dong, X.; Wheeler, K.; Wang, Z. Neutrophil-Mediated Delivery of Nanocrystal Drugs via Photoinduced Inflammation Enhances Cancer Therapy. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 15542–15555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lázár, V.; Snitser, O.; Barkan, D.; Kishony, R. Antibiotic combinations reduce Staphylococcus aureus clearance. Nature 2022, 610, 540–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brochado, A.R.; Telzerow, A.; Bobonis, J.; Banzhaf, M.; Mateus, A.; Selkrig, J.; Huth, E.; Bassler, S.; Zamarreño Beas, J.; Zietek, M.; et al. Species-specific activity of antibacterial drug combinations. Nature 2018, 559, 259–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, T.; Wang, P.; Guo, W.; Huang, X.; Tian, X.; Wu, G.; Xu, B.; Li, F.; Yan, C.; Liang, X.-J.; et al. Natural Berberine-Based Chinese Herb Medicine Assembled Nanostructures with Modified Antibacterial Application. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 6770–6781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, W.; Chittò, M.; Moriarty, T.F.; Li, G.; Wang, X. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Eliminating Intracellular Bacteria. Macromol. Biosci. 2022, 23, e2200311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Lin, F.; Wu, Y.; Guo, W.; Chen, X.; **ao, C.; Chen, M. Carrier-Free Nanodrug Based on Co-Assembly of Methylprednisolone Dimer and Rutin for Combined Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 12176–12187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, L.; Di, Z.; Zhang, J.; Yin, F.; Li, L.; Zheng, L. Coordination-driven self-assembly of metallo-nanodrugs for local inflammation alleviation. Nano Res. 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.; Zhang, W.; Hwang, J.; An, E.-K.; Choi, Y.K.; Moon, E.; Loznik, M.; Huh, Y.H.; Herrmann, A.; Kwak, M.; et al. Carrier-free micellar CpG interacting with cell membrane for enhanced immunological treatment of HIV-1. Biomaterials 2021, 277, 121081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, M.; He, X.; Sun, Z.; Huo, X.; Hou, Y.; Xu, X.; Wu, H.; Shi, L.; Ma, G. Natural carrier-free self-assembled diterpene nanoparticles with its efficient anti-inflammation through the inhibition of NF-κB pathway for accelerated wound healing. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2023, 165, 115041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).