Sustainable Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Three-Way Catalysts through a Biogenic Thiosulfate-Copper-Ammonia System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Plackett–Burman Experimental Design
2.2. Effect of the Main Operational Variables
2.3. Biogenic Thiosulfate Production
2.4. Comparative Analysis of PGM Recovery Using Lower Pulp Density with Biogenic and Synthetic Thiosulfate
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Synthetic Catalyst (Pd/Al2O3)
3.2. Screening through a Plackett–Burman Design
3.3. Effect of the Main Operational Variables
3.4. Biogenic Thiosulfate Production
3.5. Effect of Lower Pulp Density and Biogenic Thiosulfate
3.6. Analytical Techniques
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Run No. | Na2S2O3 (M) | CuSO4 (M) | (NH4)2SO4 (M) | Na2SO3 (M) | pH | T (°C) | Airflow Rate (vvm) | Pd Leaching (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.2 (+) | 0.06 (+) | 1.5 (+) | 0.0 (−) | 12.0 (+) | 60.0 (+) | 0 (−) | 2.0 |
2 | 0.6 (−) | 0.06 (+) | 1.5 (+) | 0.0 (−) | 12.0 (+) | 25.0 (−) | 0 (−) | 1.1 |
3 | 1.2 (+) | 0.03 (−) | 0.5 (−) | 0.0 (−) | 12.0 (+) | 60.0 (+) | 2 (+) | 1.0 |
4 | 0.6 (−) | 0.03 (−) | 0.5 (−) | 0.1 (+) | 12.0 (+) | 60.0 (+) | 0 (−) | 1.4 |
5 | 0.6 (−) | 0.06 (+) | 0.5 (−) | 0.0 (−) | 8.0 (−) | 60.0 (+) | 2 (+) | 0.1 |
6 | 1.2 (+) | 0.03 (−) | 1.5 (+) | 0.0 (−) | 8.0 (−) | 25.0 (−) | 2 (+) | 0.1 |
7 | 1.2 (+) | 0.03 (−) | 1.5 (+) | 0.1 (+) | 8.0 (−) | 60.0 (+) | 0 (−) | 26.0 |
8 | 1.2 (+) | 0.06 (+) | 0.5 (−) | 0.1 (+) | 12.0 (+) | 25.0 (−) | 2 (+) | 0.6 |
9 | 0.6 (−) | 0.03 (−) | 1.5 (+) | 0.1 (+) | 12.0 (+) | 25.0 (−) | 2 (+) | 1.0 |
10 | 1.2 (+) | 0.06 (+) | 0.5 (−) | 0.1 (+) | 8.0 (−) | 25.0 (−) | 0 (−) | 0.1 |
11 | 0.6 (−) | 0.06 (+) | 1.5 (+) | 0.1 (+) | 8.0 (−) | 60.0 (+) | 2 (+) | 0.1 |
12 | 0.6 (−) | 0.03 (−) | 0.5 (−) | 0.0 (−) | 8.0 (−) | 25.0 (−) | 0 (−) | 0.1 |
Test | Na2S2O3 (M) | CuSO4 (M) | (NH4)2SO4 (M) | Na2SO3 (M) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 2.4 | 0.030 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 8.0 |
B | 1.2 | 0.015 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 8.0 |
C | 1.2 | 0.030 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 8.0 |
D | 1.2 | 0.030 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 8.0 |
E | 1.2 | 0.030 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 6.0 |
Stage | Time (days) | Action | pH | O2 (vvm) | Electron Acceptor Source | Operation Mode | HRT (Days) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 0–13 | Start-up | 8.5 | 0.033 | NO2− | Continuous | 3.5 |
II | 13–20 | pH increase | 10 | 0.033 | NO2− | Continuous | 3.5 |
III | 20–24 | Anoxic operation (nitrate) | 10 | 0.033 | NO3− | Continuous | 3.5 |
IV | 24–31 | Batch mode | 10 | 0.033 | NO3− | Batch | - |
V | 31–35 | Air supply cut | 10 | 0 | NO3− | Batch | - |
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Compagnone, M.; González-Cortés, J.J.; Pilar Yeste, M.; Cantero, D.; Ramírez, M. Sustainable Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Three-Way Catalysts through a Biogenic Thiosulfate-Copper-Ammonia System. Molecules 2023, 28, 8078. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248078
Compagnone M, González-Cortés JJ, Pilar Yeste M, Cantero D, Ramírez M. Sustainable Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Three-Way Catalysts through a Biogenic Thiosulfate-Copper-Ammonia System. Molecules. 2023; 28(24):8078. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248078
Chicago/Turabian StyleCompagnone, Mariacristina, José Joaquín González-Cortés, María Pilar Yeste, Domingo Cantero, and Martín Ramírez. 2023. "Sustainable Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Automotive Three-Way Catalysts through a Biogenic Thiosulfate-Copper-Ammonia System" Molecules 28, no. 24: 8078. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248078