Exploring Recent Developments in Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for Fuel Cell Applications: A Comprehensive Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Enhanced Catalytic Performance
2.1. Native Catalytic Capability
The Presence of Oxygen Vacancies
2.2. Observable Catalytic Activity
2.2.1. Nanoarchitecture
2.2.2. Three-Dimensional Structure Arrangement
3. Exceptional Long-Term Durability
3.1. Chemical Durability
3.2. Stability under Thermal Conditions
3.2.1. Chemical Modification through Do**
3.2.2. Integrated Cathode Materials
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fuel Cell Type | Power Range | Temperature Range (°C) | Typical Fuel | Electrolyte Type | Efficiency | Life Span (h) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOFC | ≤1 MW (up to 250 kW) | 500–1000 | Hydrogen, Methanol, Hydrocarbons | Porous Ceramic Material | 50–60% | 20,000–80,000 | [10] |
PEMFC | ≤1 MW (up to 200 kW) | 110–180 | Hydrogen | Water-based Polymer Membrane | 45–55% | 60,000–80,000 | [10] |
PAFC | ≤11 MW (100–400 kW) | 150–220 | Hydrogen, LNG, Methanol | Phosphoric Acid | 30–42% | 40,000–60,000 | [11] |
AFC | ≤500 kW (up to 200 kW) | 60–200 | Hydrogen | Potassium Hydroxide | 40–50% | 5000–8000 | [12] |
MCFC | ≤1 MW (up to 250 kW) | 650–800 | Hydrogen, Methanol, Hydrocarbons | Molten Carbonate Salt | 43–55% | 15,000–30,000 | [11] |
Graphene-Based Cathode Material | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|
NiLi4 graphene | storage capacity of hydrogen, high reversibility of hydrogen, 10.75 wt% hydrogen storage | [144] |
Graphene-catalyzed Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys | high energy density, high hydrogen storage capacity, fast hydrogen uptake and discharge kinetics, low thermodynamic stability | [145] |
Boron-doped twin graphene | improved hydrogen storage capacity (gravimetric density of 4.95 wt%) | [146] |
Au@AuPd-rGO | enhanced electrocatalytic activity and durability | [150] |
LCZ oxide graphene | power density of 2675 W m−2 | [152] |
GO La0.3Sr0.7Fe0.4Ti0.6O3-δ | power density of 362 mWcm−2, specific resistance of 0.02 × 10−4 Ωm2 | [153] |
Pd3Co-D(100)-G | pore volume of 0.84 × 10−6 m3g−1, surface area of 163.25 m2g−1 | [147] |
GO Ni foam | hydrogen storage capacity of 50.9 Ah kg−1 | [148] |
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Samantaray, S.; Mohanty, D.; Satpathy, S.K.; Hung, I.-M. Exploring Recent Developments in Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for Fuel Cell Applications: A Comprehensive Overview. Molecules 2024, 29, 2937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122937
Samantaray S, Mohanty D, Satpathy SK, Hung I-M. Exploring Recent Developments in Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for Fuel Cell Applications: A Comprehensive Overview. Molecules. 2024; 29(12):2937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122937
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamantaray, Somya, Debabrata Mohanty, Santosh Kumar Satpathy, and I-Ming Hung. 2024. "Exploring Recent Developments in Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for Fuel Cell Applications: A Comprehensive Overview" Molecules 29, no. 12: 2937. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122937