Effect of Light- and Dark-Germination on the Phenolic Biosynthesis, Phytochemical Profiles, and Antioxidant Activities in Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Sprouts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Germination on Moisture Content of Samples
2.2. Effect of Germination on Relative Gene Expression Profiles of Phenolic Biosynthesis
2.3. Effect of Germination on Total Phenolic Content (TPC) in Light and Dark Treatments
2.4. Effect of Germination on TFC in Light and Dark Treatments
2.5. Effect of Germination on Phenolic Profiles in Light and Dark Treatments
2.6. Effect of Germination on Antioxidant Activity in Light and Dark Treatments
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Germination Conditions
4.3. Moisture Content Measurement
4.4. RNA Extractionand Gene Expression Quantitative Analysis
4.5. Phytochemical Extraction
4.6. Determination of Phenolics
4.7. Determination of Flavonoids
4.8. Phenolic Compounds Analysis by HPLC
4.9. Antioxidant Activity Assay
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Phenolic Compounds (mg/100 g DW) | Germination Stages | Light | Dark | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free Form | Bound Form | Total | Free Form | Bound Form | Total | ||
Gallic acid | Radicle | 83.33 ± 20.48a | 26.20 ± 0.31a | 109.5 ± 20.8a | 81.84 ± 16.17a | 28.96 ± 1.10a | 110.8 ± 15.1a |
Germinal | 115.36 ± 1.84a | 33.09 ± 0.80a | 135.4 ± 7.2b | 75.14 ± 11.50a | 36.16 ± 6.16a | 111.3 ± 10.8a | |
Fibril | 93.10 ± 3.68ab | 65.19 ± 11.89b | 158.3 ± 14.8b | 79.06 ± 15.37a | 64.10 ± 7.05b | 143.2 ± 20.3ab | |
Euphylla | 95.17 ± 20.93ab | 74.40 ± 3.04b | 169.6 ± 18.1b | 93.83 ± 16.13a | 63.88 ± 6.02b | 157.7 ± 13.7b | |
Chlorogenic acid | Radicle | 16.92 ± 0.18a | nd | 16.92 ± 0.18a | 16.39 ± 0.40a | nd | 16.39 ± 0.40a |
Germinal | 25.59 ± 0.78b | nd | 25.59 ± 0.78b | 22.00 ± 0.22b | nd | 22.00 ± 0.22b | |
Fibril | 29.88 ± 1.74c | nd | 29.88 ± 1.74c | 29.33 ± 0.71c | nd | 29.33 ± 0.71c | |
Euphylla | 40.72 ± 1.01d | nd | 40.72 ± 1.01d | 29.28 ± 0.42c | nd | 29.28 ± 0.42c | |
Syringic acid | Radicle | 13.19 ± 1.56a | nd | 13.19 ± 1.56a | 8.90 ± 0.15a | nd | 8.90 ± 0.15a |
Germinal | 21.98 ± 3.40b | nd | 21.98 ± 3.40b | 11.84 ± 1.19b | 7.86 ± 0.03a | 19.70 ± 1.18b | |
Fibril | 13.36 ± 1.06a | 9.85 ± 0.88a | 23.21 ± 1.86b | 12.51 ± 1.18b | 9.56 ± 0.15b | 22.07 ± 1.05c | |
Euphylla | 15.67 ± 0.15a | 12.69 ± 0.17b | 28.36 ± 0.08c | 11.40 ± 0.57b | 10.74 ± 0.22c | 22.14 ± 0.76c | |
Hydroxycinnamic acid | Radicle | 13.69 ± 0.25a | 60.73 ± 2.86a | 74.42 ± 2.87a | 13.12 ± 0.31a | 51.37 ± 0.68a | 64.49 ± 0.88a |
Germinal | 17.15 ± 0.27b | 73.23 ± 7.19b | 90.38 ± 10.18b | 15.51 ± 0.18b | 58.84 ± 1.31b | 74.35 ± 1.49b | |
Fibril | 18.26 ± 1.73b | 74.15 ± 4.43b | 92.41 ± 6.15b | 19.61 ± 0.15c | 72.13 ± 1.79c | 91.74 ± 1.92c | |
Euphylla | 24.86 ± 0.36c | 109.3 ± 2.3c | 134.1 ± 2.6c | 21.31 ± 0.22d | 101.3 ± 2.9d | 122.6 ± 2.7d | |
Ferulic acid | Radicle | 14.48 ± 0.37a | 290.5 ± 0.8a | 305.0 ± 0.5a | 13.99 ± 0.62a | 256.7 ± 9.5ab | 270.7 ± 9.9a |
Germinal | 18.17 ± 0.05b | 342.0 ± 37.0b | 360.2 ± 37.0b | 15.96 ± 0.19b | 246.1 ± 7.8a | 262.1 ± 7.9a | |
Fibril | 19.78 ± 1.83c | 312.1 ± 9.9ab | 331.9 ± 11.8ab | 20.04 ± 0.24c | 284.5 ± 5.6c | 304.5 ± 5.8b | |
Euphylla | 27.30 ± 0.36d | 318.4 ± 6.0ab | 345.7 ± 5.7b | 22.12 ± 0.29d | 269.0 ± 11.5bc | 291.1 ± 11.2b |
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**ang, N.; Guo, X.; Liu, F.; Li, Q.; Hu, J.; Brennan, C.S. Effect of Light- and Dark-Germination on the Phenolic Biosynthesis, Phytochemical Profiles, and Antioxidant Activities in Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Sprouts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061246
**ang N, Guo X, Liu F, Li Q, Hu J, Brennan CS. Effect of Light- and Dark-Germination on the Phenolic Biosynthesis, Phytochemical Profiles, and Antioxidant Activities in Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Sprouts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(6):1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061246
Chicago/Turabian Style**ang, Nan, **nbo Guo, Fengyuan Liu, Quan Li, Jianguang Hu, and Charles Stephen Brennan. 2017. "Effect of Light- and Dark-Germination on the Phenolic Biosynthesis, Phytochemical Profiles, and Antioxidant Activities in Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.) Sprouts" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 6: 1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061246