Optical Graphene Gas Sensors Based on Microfibers: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Principles of Graphene-Based Gas Sensing on Microfibers
3. Design and Fabrication of Graphene-Based Microfiber Structures
4. Graphene Gas Sensors with Microfibers
5. Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Tong, L.; Gattass, R.R.; Ashcom, J.B.; He, S.; Lou, J.; Shen, M.; Maxwell, I.; Mazur, E. Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding. Nature 2003, 426, 816–819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brambilla, G.; Xu, F.; Horak, P.; Jung, Y.; Koizumi, F.; Sessions, N.P.; Koukharenko, E.; Feng, X.; Murugan, G.S.; Wilkinson, J.S.; et al. Optical fiber nanowires and microwires: Fabrication and applications. Adv. Opt. Photonics 2009, 1, 107–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tong, L.; Zi, F.; Guo, X.; Lou, J. Optical microfibers and nanofibers: A tutorial. Opt. Commun. 2012, 285, 4641–4647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brambilla, G. Optical fibre nanowires and microwires: A review. J. Opt. 2010, 12, 43001. [Google Scholar]
- Lou, J.; Wang, Y.; Tong, L. Microfiber Optical Sensors: A Review. Sensors 2014, 14, 5823–5844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, L.; Lou, J.; Tong, L. Micro/nanofiber optical sensors. Photonic Sens. 2011, 1, 31–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Novoselov, K.S. Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science 2004, 306, 666–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Geim, A.K.; Novoselov, K.S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Geim, A.K. Graphene: Status and Prospects. Science 2009, 324, 1530–1534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allen, M.J.; Tung, V.C.; Kaner, R.B. Honeycomb Carbon: A Review of Graphene. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 132–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bonaccorso, F.; Sun, Z.; Hasan, T.; Ferrari, A.C. Graphene photonics and optoelectronics. Nat. Photonics 2010, 4, 611–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, R.J.; Kinloch, I.A.; Gong, L.; Novoselov, K.S. The mechanics of graphene nanocomposites: A review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2012, 72, 1459–1476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balandin, A.A.; Ghosh, S.; Bao, W.; Calizo, I.; Teweldebrhan, D.; Miao, F.; Lau, C.N. Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 902–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garcia de Abajo, F.J. Graphene Nanophotonics. Science 2013, 339, 917–918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Tan, Y.-W.; Stormer, H.L.; Kim, P. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 2005, 438, 201–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Katsnelson, M.I.; Novoselov, K.S.; Geim, A.K. Chiral tunnelling and the Klein paradox in graphene. Nat. Phys. 2006, 2, 620–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nair, R.R.; Blake, P.; Grigorenko, A.N.; Novoselov, K.S.; Booth, T.J.; Stauber, T.; Peres, N.M.R.; Geim, A.K. Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene. Science 2008, 320, 1308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Das, A.; Pisana, S.; Chakraborty, B.; Piscanec, S.; Saha, S.K.; Waghmare, U.V.; Novoselov, K.S.; Krishnamurthy, H.R.; Geim, A.K.; Ferrari, A.C.; et al. Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 210–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwierz, F. Graphene transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 487–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodrigo, D.; Limaj, O.; Janner, D.; Etezadi, D.; Garcia de Abajo, F.J.; Pruneri, V.; Altug, H. Mid-infrared plasmonic biosensing with graphene. Science 2015, 349, 165–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grigorenko, A.N.; Polini, M.; Novoselov, K.S. Graphene plasmonics. Nat. Photonics 2012, 6, 749–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Novoselov, K.S.; Fal′ko, V.I.; Colombo, L.; Gellert, P.R.; Schwab, M.G.; Kim, K. A roadmap for graphene. Nature 2012, 490, 192–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, Z.; Martinez, A.; Wang, F. Optical modulators with 2D layered materials. Nat. Photonics 2016, 10, 227–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinez, A.; Sun, Z. Nanotube and graphene saturable absorbers for fibre lasers. Nat. Photonics 2013, 7, 842–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mueller, T.; ** and nonadiabatic effects. Solid State Commun. 2007, 143, 47–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caridad, J.M.; Rossella, F.; Bellani, V.; Maicas, M.; Patrini, M.; Díez, E. Effects of particle contamination and substrate interaction on the Raman response of unintentionally doped graphene. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 108, 84321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caridad, J.M.; Rossella, F.; Bellani, V.; Grandi, M.S.; Diez, E. Automated detection and characterization of graphene and few-layer graphite via Raman spectroscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 2011, 42, 286–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paton, K.R.; Varrla, E.; Backes, C.; Smith, R.J.; Khan, U.; O’Neill, A.; Boland, C.; Lotya, M.; Istrate, O.M.; King, P.; et al. Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 624–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, Y.; Li, X.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, Y. Review on the graphene based optical fiber chemical and biological sensors. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2016, 231, 324–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hernaez, M.; Zamarreño, C.; Melendi-Espina, S.; Bird, L.; Mayes, A.; Arregui, F. Optical Fibre Sensors Using Graphene-Based Materials: A Review. Sensors 2017, 17, 155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shivananju, B.N.; Yu, W.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Lin, B.; Li, S.; Bao, Q. The Roadmap of Graphene-Based Optical Biochemical Sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1603918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; Yao, B.; Cheng, Y.; Rao, Y.; Gong, Y.; Zhang, W.; Wang, Z.; Chen, Y. Hybrid Graphene-Microfiber Waveguide for Chemical Gas Sensing. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2014, 20, 4400206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; Yao, B.C.; Zhang, A.Q.; Cao, X.L.; Wang, Z.G.; Rao, Y.J.; Gong, Y.; Zhang, W.; Chen, Y.F.; Chiang, K.S. Graphene-based D-shaped fiber multicore mode interferometer for chemical gas sensing. Opt. Lett. 2014, 39, 6030–6033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yao, B.C.; Rao, Y.J.; Wang, Z.N.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, J.H.; Wu, H.; Fan, M.Q.; Cao, X.L.; Zhang, W.L.; Chen, Y.F.; et al. Graphene based widely-tunable and singly-polarized pulse generation with random fiber lasers. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sridevi, S.; Vasu, K.S.; Bhat, N.; Asokan, S.; Sood, A.K. Ultra sensitive NO2 gas detection using the reduced graphene oxide coated etched fiber Bragg gratings. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2016, 223, 481–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, A.; Wu, Y.; Yao, B.; Gong, Y. Optimization study on graphene-coated microfiber Bragg grating structures for ammonia gas sensing. Photonic Sens. 2014, 5, 84–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; Yao, B.; Zhang, A.; Rao, Y.; Wang, Z.; Cheng, Y.; Gong, Y.; Zhang, W.; Chen, Y.; Chiang, K.S. Graphene-coated microfiber Bragg grating for high-sensitivity gas sensing. Opt. Lett. 2014, 39, 1235–1237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, Q.; Luo, H.; Luo, H.; Lai, M.; Liu, D.; Zhang, L. Multimode microfiber interferometer for dual-parameters sensing assisted by Fresnel reflection. Opt. Express 2015, 23, 12777–12783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fu, H.; Jiang, Y.; Ding, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, M.; Zhu, Y.; Li, H. Zinc oxide nanoparticle incorporated graphene oxide as sensing coating for interferometric optical microfiber for ammonia gas detection. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 254, 239–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mishra, S.K.; Tripathi, S.N.; Choudhary, V.; Gupta, B.D. SPR based fibre optic ammonia gas sensor utilizing nanocomposite film of PMMA/reduced graphene oxide prepared by in situ polymerization. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2014, 199, 190–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, C.-B.; Wu, Y.; Liu, X.-L.; Yao, B.-C.; Fu, F.; Gong, Y.; Rao, Y.-J.; Chen, Y.-F. Graphene oxide deposited microfiber knot resonator for gas sensing. Opt. Mater. Express 2016, 6, 727–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Phare, C.T.; Daniel Lee, Y.-H.; Cardenas, J.; Lipson, M. Graphene electro-optic modulator with 30 GHz bandwidth. Nat. Photonics 2015, 9, 511–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lehner, P.; Staudinger, C.; Borisov, S.M.; Klimant, I. Ultra-sensitive optical oxygen sensors for characterization of nearly anoxic systems. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- **, W.; Cao, Y.; Yang, F.; Ho, H.L. Ultra-sensitive all-fibre photothermal spectroscopy with large dynamic range. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caucheteur, C.; Guo, T.; Liu, F.; Guan, B.-O.; Albert, J. Ultrasensitive plasmonic sensing in air using optical fibre spectral combs. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tan, Y.; Zhang, C.; **, W.; Yang, F.; Lut Ho, H.; Ma, J. Optical Fiber Photoacoustic Gas Sensor with Graphene Nano-Mechanical Resonator as the Acoustic Detector. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2017, 23, 199–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, G.; Goledzinowski, M.; Comeau, F.J.E.; Zarrin, H.; Lui, G.; Lenos, J.; Veileux, A.; Liu, G.; Zhang, J.; Hemmati, S.; et al. Free-Standing Functionalized Graphene Oxide Solid Electrolytes in Electrochemical Gas Sensors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 1729–1736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, T.; Liu, Z.; Wen, J.; Gao, Y.; Ren, X.; Chen, H.; **, C.; Ma, X.-L.; Xu, N.; Cheng, H.-M.; et al. Tailoring the thermal and electrical transport properties of graphene films by grain size engineering. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 14486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Year | Sensor Structure | Target Gas | Performance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | Microfiber attached on graphene | Acetone | Sub-ppk sensitivity | [57] |
2014 | Graphene/gold coated on microfiber for SPR | NH3 | 1 ppm sensitivity | [92] |
2014 | Graphene-coated microfiber interferometers | NH3, H2O | Sub-ppm sensitivity Fast response | [46,89] |
2016 | Reduced GO coated on microfiber Bragg gratings | NO2 | 500 ppb sensitivity~100% recoverability | [87] |
2017 | Reduced GO-based optomechanic microresonator | NH3 | 1 ppb sensitivity five orders dynamic range | [53] |
2018 | ZnO-functionalized GO coated on a microfiber multimode interferometer | NH3 | Sub-ppm sensitivity High selectivity | [91] |
Sensor Type | Max Sensitivity | Dynamic Range | Response Time | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Photothermal spectroscopy | 2 ppb | six orders | minutes | [96] |
Graphene-based SPR on fiber | 1 ppm | NG | minutes | [92] |
Ultrasensitive plasmonic sensors based on metal | ~ppm | NG | NG | [97] |
Visible spectroscopy | 5 ppb | NG | minutes | [95] |
Microfiber-based graphene optomechanic resonator | 1 ppb | five orders | seconds | [53] |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wu, Y.; Yao, B.; Yu, C.; Rao, Y. Optical Graphene Gas Sensors Based on Microfibers: A Review. Sensors 2018, 18, 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18040941
Wu Y, Yao B, Yu C, Rao Y. Optical Graphene Gas Sensors Based on Microfibers: A Review. Sensors. 2018; 18(4):941. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18040941
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yu, Baicheng Yao, Caibin Yu, and Yunjiang Rao. 2018. "Optical Graphene Gas Sensors Based on Microfibers: A Review" Sensors 18, no. 4: 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18040941