Practical and Durable Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Conductive Carbon Black and Silicone Blends for Large Scale Motion Monitoring Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Fabrication
2.2.2. Test and Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sample | (mPDMS:mCarbon) | Surface Roughness | Conductivity (S/cm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 kHz | 100 kHz | 1 MHz | |||
S1 | 100:15 | smooth | 7.28 × 10−7 | 4.49 × 10−6 | 2.71 × 10−5 |
S2 | 100:20 | smooth | 5.35 × 10−6 | 2.15 × 10−5 | 1.83 × 10−4 |
S3 | 100:25 | intermediate | 6.58 × 10−5 | 8.34 × 10−5 | 3.04 × 10−4 |
S4 | 100:30 | rough | 9.05 × 10−4 | 1.01 × 10−3 | 1.42 × 10−3 |
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Flexible Conductive Material | Ref. | Flexible Conductive Layer Manufacturing Process | Sensor Type | G Factor | Wearable Experiment | Durability Testing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CNT | [20] | CNT stam** on patterned plasma treated silicone | Capacitive strain | 0.99 | × | 3000 cycles |
[23] | CNT sprayed on UV/Ozone activated PDMS layers via patterned mask, PDMS layers fixed with silicone adhesive | Capacitive strain | 0.4 | × | × | |
[25] | Fluorinated substrate, sprayed w/ CNT through mask, PDMS cast and cured on substrate to transfer CNT | Capacitive strain | 0.41, 0.68 (x, y dir) | × | × | |
Graphene | [26] | Graphene oxide (GO) foam between reduced GO (rGO) patterned PET substrates | Capacitive pressure | - | × | 1000 cycles |
[27] | CVD deposited graphene transferred to PMMA then to PDMS, nylon mesh and silver electrode sandwiched between two graphene-PDMS layers | Capacitive pressure | - | √ | 1050 cycles | |
[28] | AgNW and rGO spin-coated on patterned, plasma treated PDMS, then polyurethane (PU) coated. Two composites fixed together to form device | Capacitive pressure | - | √ | × | |
Carbon Black | [29] | Screen printing of silicone and silver-silicone adhesive electrode, layers, with blended silicone/CB dielectric; silicone adhesive layers used | Capacitive pressure | - | √ | × |
[30] | Curing and gluing together successive blended PDMS/CB electrode layers and PDMS layers (dielectric, packaging) | Capacitive strain | 1 | × | × | |
[53] | Casting and curing of successive Ecoflex silicone layers (dielectric, packaging), with blended silicone/CB electrode layers encapsulated by silicone layers. Devices cut from material by laser | Capacitive strain | 0.83 to 0.98 | √ | 10,100 | |
This work | Casting and curing of successive PDMS layers (dielectric, packaging), with blended PDMS/CB electrode layers | Capacitive strain | 0.86 | √ | 10,000 cycles | |
Expanded Intercalated Graphite [IGT] | [56] | Expanded graphite blended with silicone—two layers encapsulated silicone dieletric layer. Sensors film cast, screen printed, or 3D printed | Capacitive strain | 0.54 to 1.13 | x | 100,000 cycles |
Nanowires | [21] | AgNW cast and patterned on Si wafer, transferred to PDMS by casting and curing, bonded to second PDMS-AgNW layer | Capacitive strain | 1 | × | × |
[22] | AgNW pattern on Si wafer by screen printing, transferred to PDMS by casting and curing, Cu wire and liquid metal sandwiched between two AgNW-PDMS layers, secured with Ecoflex | Capacitive strain | 0.7 | √ | × | |
[31] | AgNW cast on glass, transferred to PU by casting and curing. Two composites laminated with acrylic dielectric spacer inside | Capacitive strain | 0.5 | × | × |
Test Conditions | R2 | Gauge Factor |
---|---|---|
15 °C–20 RH% | 0.9945 | 0.86 |
15 °C–40 RH% | 0.9947 | 0.86 |
15 °C–60 RH% | 0.9950 | 0.86 |
25 °C–20 RH% | 0.9947 | 0.86 |
25 °C–40 RH% | 0.9944 | 0.86 |
25 °C–60 RH% | 0.9931 | 0.85 |
37 °C–20 RH% | 0.9950 | 0.86 |
37 °C–40 RH% | 0.9947 | 0.86 |
37 °C–60 RH% | 0.9942 | 0.85 |
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**a, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Wu, X.E.; Kirk, T.V.; Chen, X.D. Practical and Durable Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Conductive Carbon Black and Silicone Blends for Large Scale Motion Monitoring Applications. Sensors 2019, 19, 4553. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204553
**a Y, Zhang Q, Wu XE, Kirk TV, Chen XD. Practical and Durable Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Conductive Carbon Black and Silicone Blends for Large Scale Motion Monitoring Applications. Sensors. 2019; 19(20):4553. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204553
Chicago/Turabian Style**a, Yun, Qi Zhang, Xue E. Wu, Tim V. Kirk, and **ao Dong Chen. 2019. "Practical and Durable Flexible Strain Sensors Based on Conductive Carbon Black and Silicone Blends for Large Scale Motion Monitoring Applications" Sensors 19, no. 20: 4553. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204553