Development of Nanoporous AAO Membrane for Nano Filtration Using the Acoustophoresis Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Fabrication
Fabrication of Nanoporous AAO Membrane
3. Experimental Results of Nanoporous AAO Membrane
3.1. Surface Morphology of Nanoporous AAO Membrane
3.2. SEM Based EDS Analysis of Fabricated Aluminum Oxide Membrane
3.3. Hydrophobicity Analysis of Nanoporous AAO Membrane
4. Numerical Simulation and Experiment Analysis of Nanoporous AAO Membrane Actuation for Nanofiltration
4.1. Numerical Simulation for Nanoporous AAO Membrane Actuation
4.2. Experimental Analysis of Nanoporous AAO Membrane
5. Conclusions
- The nanoporous AAO membrane was successfully fabricated using two-step anodization method (MA and HA) in 0.3 M oxalic acid at 60 V with a hexagonal structure having a thickness of 120 µm with 70 nm pore diameter, 110 nm interpore distance, 36.72% porosity, and 4.771 cm−1 × 109 pore density.
- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed that nanoporous structures were obtained in AAO membrane. SEM based EDS analysis confirmed that the nanoporous honeycomb hexagonal structure was formed on the membrane and microanalysis using EDS spectrum showed the dominance of aluminum (36.7%) and oxygen (59.5%) in the fabricated AAO membrane. Other peaks showed the smaller quantity of carbon (2.8%), sulfur (0.55%), and phosphorus (0.45%).
- The hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties were analyzed by measuring the water contact angle on the surface of the AAO. The contact angle was formed with the water droplet at 71.88° ± 1.25°. This indicated that the formed membrane is a hydrophilic material with water (since the water contact angle was <90). The contact angle measured for glycerin was 76.74° ± 1.85° and for spirit, it was 22.93° ± 0.4°, i.e., less than 90°, meaning that this membrane has a hydrophilic surface. Additionally, a contact angle time dependence study was conducted after 30 s and 60 s, and a gradual decrement of approximately 1° was observed in both cases. This indicated the see** of the liquid droplet into the AAO membrane pores.
- A simulation of acoustic wave distribution was done with a COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4. The different forms of wave formation on the surface of the nanomembrane were observed: a first mode at 3.50 kHz, a second mode 4.94 kHz, and a third mode 7.89 kHz. This phenomenon enables the internal geometry to be controlled using standing surface acoustic waves of the nanoporous membrane and allows the nanoparticles to be concentrated in the center of the nanotubes.
- Theoretical results of the actuated nanomembrane were verified with experimental results. Similar vibration modes using a 3D vibrometer and holographic interferometry PRISM system were obtained at the following frequencies: a first mode at 3.62 kHz and 3.8 kHz, a second mode at 5.94 kHz and 5.18 kHz, and a third mode at 7.89 kHz and 8.06 kHz, respectively, for the simulation and experimental results. An error occurred in the simulation and experimental results because of the glued layer between the PZT 5H cylinder and nanoporous membrane.
- The simulation results for single nanotube for acoustic pressure distribution showed that the lowest pressure is in the center of the channel at 900 MHz. It allows the bioparticle to pass through a nano tube/channel without friction with the walls because of the lower acoustic pressure acting in the center of nanotube. Moreover, it takes 0.27 s to focus the nanoparticle into the center of channel, reducing the possibility of damage to the cell membrane.
- A model for the nanoparticle filtration, using standing surface acoustic waves generated by a PZT 5H cylinder (actuator), was proposed. This model could be implemented as a vibro-active nano filter in a biomedical micro hydraulic mechanical system.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Baik, J.M.; Schierhorn, M.; Moskovits, M. Fe nanowires in nanoporous alumina: Geometric effect versus influence of pore walls. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 112, 2252–2255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W.; Wu, J.-S.; ** devices using vibrating microchannel walls. Sens. Actuators A 2009, 152, 211–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cazorla, P.-H.; Fuchs, O.; Cochet, M.; Maubert, S.; Le Rhun, G.; Fouillet, Y.; Defay, E. Integration of PZT thin films on a microfluidic complex system. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, Chicago, IL, USA, 3–6 September 2014; pp. 491–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Li, S.; Gu, Y.; Li, P.; Ding, X.; Wang, L.; McCoy, J.P.; Levine, S.J.; Huang, T.J. Continuous enrichment of low-abundance cell samples using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW). Lab Chip 2014, 14, 924–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, Z.; Nonnenmann, S.S. Progress in nanoporous templates: Beyond anodic aluminum oxide and towards functional complex materials. Materials 2019, 12, 2535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mankotia, D.; Singh, P.S.; Kaur, M. Review of Anodic Porous Alumina Membrane Development. SSRG Int. J. Hum. Soc. Sci. 2015, 1, 48–53. [Google Scholar]
- Prashanth, P.A.; Raveendra, R.S.; Hari Krishna, R.; Ananda, S.; Bhagya, N.P.; Nagabhushana, B.M.; Lingaraju, K.; Raja Naika, H. Synthesis, characterizations, antibacterial and photoluminescence studies of solution combustion-derived α-Al2O3 nanoparticles. J. Asian Ceram. Soc. 2015, 3, 345–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gangwar, J.; Gupta, B.K.; Tripathi, S.K.; Srivastava, A.K. Phase dependent thermal and spectroscopic responses of Al2O3 nanostructures with different morphogenesis. Nanoscale 2015, 7, 13313–13344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, Y.; Cao, X.; Feng, X.; Ma, Y.; Zou, H. Fabrication of super-hydrophobic film from PMMA with intrinsic water contact angle below 90. Polymer 2007, 48, 7455–7460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, P.; Khan, N.; Kumar, D. Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB), Versetile Template for Designing Nanocomposite/Composite Materials: A Review. Green Chem. Technol. Lett. 2016, 2, 185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ragulskis, K.; Naginevicius, V.; Palevicius, A.; Palevicius, R. Analysis of the dynamics of the vibratory tabular valve. In Proceedings of the SPIE Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems 2008, San Diego, CA, USA, 9–13 March 2008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Anodizing Potential (V) | Mean Pore Diameter, Dp (nm) | Interpore Distance, Dc (nm) | Porosity (%) | Pore Density (cm−1 × 109) |
---|---|---|---|---|
60 | 70 ± 20 | 110 ± 10 | 36.72 | 4.771 |
Chemical Element | Normalized Concentration in Weight Percentage (norm.wt., %) | Normalized Concentration in Atomic Percentage (norm. at., %) |
---|---|---|
Carbon | 2.8 | 4.5 |
Oxygen | 59.5 | 69.55 |
Aluminium | 36.7 | 25.39 |
Sulfur | 0.55 | 0.29 |
Phosphorus | 0.45 | 0.27 |
Property (Symbol), Unit | Value |
---|---|
Coupling coefficient (k33) | 0.75 |
Displacement coefficient (d33), m/V | 650 × 10−12 |
Voltage coefficient (g33), V m/N | 19 × 10−3 |
Density, kg/m3 | 7800 |
Young’s modulus, N/m2 | 5.5 × 1010 |
Poisson’s Ratio | 0.34 |
Mechanical Q factor | 32 |
Parameter | Values |
---|---|
Driving frequency, Hz | 5.8 × 109 |
Speed of sound, m/s | 343 |
Wavelength, m | 5.9138 × 10−8 |
Transducer diameter, m | 1.1828 × 10−7 |
Reflector diameter, m | 1.7741 × 10−7 |
Height, m | 1.7741 × 10−6 |
Viscous boundary layer thickness, m | 2.8887 × 10−8 |
Particle diameter, m | 2.3655 × 10−8 |
Particle density, kg/m3 | 500 |
Normal acceleration of transducer, m/s2 | 1.5 × 10−8 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Patel, Y.; Janusas, G.; Palevicius, A.; Vilkauskas, A. Development of Nanoporous AAO Membrane for Nano Filtration Using the Acoustophoresis Method. Sensors 2020, 20, 3833. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20143833
Patel Y, Janusas G, Palevicius A, Vilkauskas A. Development of Nanoporous AAO Membrane for Nano Filtration Using the Acoustophoresis Method. Sensors. 2020; 20(14):3833. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20143833
Chicago/Turabian StylePatel, Yatinkumar, Giedrius Janusas, Arvydas Palevicius, and Andrius Vilkauskas. 2020. "Development of Nanoporous AAO Membrane for Nano Filtration Using the Acoustophoresis Method" Sensors 20, no. 14: 3833. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20143833