Assessment of Eutrophication and DOC Sources Tracing in the Sea Area around Da** Island Using CASI and MODIS Images Coupled with CDOM Optical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- What is the eutrophic state in the sea area around Da** Island?
- (2)
- Is there any ecological risk of eutrophication in the study sea area?
- (3)
- What are the main material sources related to Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in this area?
2. Hydrodynamic Characteristics
3. Methods and Data
3.1. Remote Sensing Images
3.1.1. Airborne CASI Image
3.1.2. Aerospace MODIS Image
3.2. Station Locations and Sample Collection
3.3. Measurements of DOC and CDOM Optical Properties
3.4. Measurements of Chl-a, SCC, and Other Water Quality Parameters
Water Surface Spectra
4. Data and Results
4.1. Remote Sensing Images Processing
4.1.1. Chl-a Inversion Algorithm
4.1.2. SSC Inversion Algorithm
4.2. Chl-a Concentration
4.3. SSC Distribution
4.4. DOC Distribution Coupled with CDOM Optical Properties
4.4.1. The Absorption Coefficient, α (441), and Its Correlation with Salinity
4.4.2. Fluorescence Intensity, Fs (441), and Its Correlation with Salinity
5. Discussion
5.1. Eutrophication Evaluation
5.2. Material Sources Tracing
5.2.1. The Spectral Slope Coefficient, Sg, for the Assessment of Water Quality Parameters
5.3. Relationship between DOC and CDOM Optical Properties
5.3.1. Correlation Analysis of DOC and α (441)
5.3.2. Correlation Analysis of DOC and Fs (441)
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensor System | CASI 1500 h | MODIS | |
---|---|---|---|
Parameter | |||
Spectral range/nm | 380–1050 | 400–1440 | |
Number of spectral channels | Up to 288, customizable settings | 36 | |
Spectral resolution/nm | <3.5 | / | |
Spatial resolution/m | 0.6 | 250, 500, 1000 | |
Scanning width/km | About 0.3 | 2330 | |
Data rate/MB/sec | 19.2 | / | |
Pixel size/µm | 20 × 20 | / | |
Spot size pixels | <1.5 | / |
Station | SSC (mg/L) | Chl-a (ug/L) | DOC (mg/L) | Salinity (‰) | Station | SSC (mg/L) | Chl-a (ug/L) | DOC (mg/L) | Salinity (‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 10.07 | 0.21 | 1.40 | 19.5 | T20 | 11.34 | 1.74 | 1.22 | 25 |
T2 | 7.54 | 0.82 | 1.37 | 19.5 | T21 | 3.54 | 1.69 | 1.20 | 25 |
T3 | 8.74 | 0.96 | 1.85 | 20 | T22 | 13.14 | 1.36 | 1.27 | 22 |
T4 | 8.34 | 2.09 | 1.45 | 21 | T23 | 3.54 | 2.78 | 1.16 | 22.5 |
T5 | 9.54 | 0.83 | 1.32 | 21 | T24 | 2.74 | 1.61 | 1.33 | 22.5 |
T6 | 6.14 | 1.56 | 1.52 | 18.5 | T25 | 7.34 | 0.73 | 1.25 | 21.5 |
T7 | 1.77 | 1.93 | 1.44 | 24 | T26 | 6.54 | 3.35 | 1.24 | 25 |
T8 | 6.94 | 2.14 | 1.26 | -- | T27 | 3.74 | 3.35 | 1.18 | 23 |
T9 | 1.87 | 2.41 | 1.27 | 24 | T28 | 10.34 | 3.35 | 1.18 | 24 |
T10 | 7.87 | 3.35 | 1.23 | 23.5 | T29 | 8.74 | 3.35 | -- | -- |
T11 | 10.94 | 1.01 | 1.22 | 21 | T30 | 2.74 | 3.35 | 1.34 | 23.5 |
T12 | 10.94 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 21.5 | T31 | 2.34 | 1.91 | 1.28 | 23.5 |
T13 | 11.14 | 0.89 | 1.29 | 21.5 | T32 | 10.54 | 1.32 | 1.24 | 24 |
T14 | 3.26 | 0.82 | 1.45 | 21 | T33 | 8.14 | 1.11 | 1.25 | 22 |
T15 | 11.74 | 0.21 | 1.19 | 20 | T34 | 9.74 | 0.55 | 1.2 | 24 |
T16 | 10.34 | 0.37 | 1.12 | 21.5 | T35 | 8.74 | 2.69 | 1.14 | 24.5 |
T17 | 10.74 | 0.70 | 1.18 | -- | T36 | 7.54 | 1.98 | 1.17 | 24.5 |
T18 | 4.34 | 1.57 | 1.13 | 23.5 | T37 | 9.94 | 1.88 | 1.17 | 24.5 |
T19 | 2.14 | 2.46 | 1.19 | 23.5 | / | / | / | / | / |
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Ma, S.; Zhang, X.; **ong, Y.; Huang, G.; Han, Y.; Funari, V. Assessment of Eutrophication and DOC Sources Tracing in the Sea Area around Da** Island Using CASI and MODIS Images Coupled with CDOM Optical Properties. Sensors 2021, 21, 4765. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144765
Ma S, Zhang X, **ong Y, Huang G, Han Y, Funari V. Assessment of Eutrophication and DOC Sources Tracing in the Sea Area around Da** Island Using CASI and MODIS Images Coupled with CDOM Optical Properties. Sensors. 2021; 21(14):4765. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144765
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Shuchang, **aoyu Zhang, Yixuan **ong, Guorong Huang, Yachao Han, and Valerio Funari. 2021. "Assessment of Eutrophication and DOC Sources Tracing in the Sea Area around Da** Island Using CASI and MODIS Images Coupled with CDOM Optical Properties" Sensors 21, no. 14: 4765. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144765