Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Principles and the Fundamental Components of LFIAs
3. Literature Review Methodology
4. Applications
4.1. Clinical Applications
4.2. Food Safety Applications
4.3. Veterinary Applications
4.4. Environmental Applications
4.5. Other Applications
5. Multiplex LFIAs
6. LFIA Applications Trends
7. Evergreen and New Challenges
8. Future Perspectives
9. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Application Field | Target | Matrix | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical | Viruses and related infections | Ebola virus | Whole blood, plasma | [85,86,87] |
HIV-1 and -2 | Blood, serum | [84,88] | ||
Noroviruses | Stool | [89] | ||
Influenza A/B | Nasopharyngeal (nasal) swab | [90] | ||
Chikungunya virus | Serum | [91] | ||
Dengue virus | Blood | [92] | ||
Herpes simplex virus type 2 | Plasma, serum | [93] | ||
SARS-CoV-2 | Serum, blood, saliva | [94,95,96,97,98,99,100] | ||
Bacteria and related infections | Brucellosis | Serum, plasma, whole blood | [101] | |
Helicobacter pylori | Stool | [102] | ||
Pneumococcal pneumonia | Pleural fluid | [103] | ||
Plasmodium falciparum infections | Whole blood | [104] | ||
Scrub typhus | Serum | [105] | ||
Other infectious diseases | Burkholderia pseudomallei infections | Blood, urine, other bodily fluids | [106] | |
Pneumocystis pneumonia | Serum | [107] | ||
Strongyloidiasis | Serum | [108,109] | ||
Candidiasis | Pharyngeal swabs | [110] | ||
Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis | Serum | [111] | ||
Toxoplasmosis | Serum | [112] | ||
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis | Serum | [113,114] | ||
Fascioliasis | Serum | [115] | ||
Chagas disease | Serum | [116] | ||
Cerebral angiostrongyliasis | Serum | [117] | ||
Other diseases | Systemic lupus erythematosus | Serum | [118] | |
Sepsis | Serum | [119] | ||
Acute hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus | Serum | [120,121] | ||
Diabetic retinopathy | Urine | [122] | ||
Alpha thalassaemia | Whole blood | [123] | ||
Kidney injury | Urine | [124] | ||
Cancers | Gastric | Plasma | [125] | |
Cervical | Urine | [126] | ||
Ovarian | Serum | [127] | ||
Bladder | Urine | [128] | ||
Prostate | Urine | [129] | ||
Health status (bio)markers | Folate | Serum | [130] | |
Hormones | Saliva, urine, serum | [131,132,133,134,135,136] | ||
Cardiac biomarker | Serum, finger-prick blood | [137,138,139] | ||
Ferritin | Serum | [140] | ||
Myoglobin | ||||
Therapeutic drug monitoring | Tenofovir | Urine | [141,142] |
Application Field | Target | Matrix | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food safety | Toxins | Botulinum neurotoxin type A and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B | Milk, grape juice | [143] |
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B | Milk, honey | [144] | ||
Tetrodotoxin | Crucian, clam | [145] | ||
Amatoxins | Mushrooms | [146] | ||
Mycotoxins | Aflatoxin B1 and fumonisins | Maize flour | [82] | |
Zearalenone | Maize, cereals | [147,148] | ||
T-2 toxin | Tap water | [149] | ||
Aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol | Feedstuff | [150] | ||
Fumonisin B1 and deoxynivalenol | Grain | [151] | ||
Antimicrobials | Tylosin and tilmicosin | Milk, pork | [152] | |
Sulfamethazine | Egg, honey, pork | [153] | ||
Bacitracin | Milk | [154] | ||
Diclazuril | Chicken | [155] | ||
Lincomycin | Milk, eggs, honey | [156] | ||
Carbadox and Cyadox | Chicken breast | [157] | ||
Bacitracin zinc | Milk | [158] | ||
Lincomycin and tylosin | Milk, eggs, honey | [159] | ||
β-lactams | Milk | [160] | ||
Imidocarb | Milk, beef | [161] | ||
Colistin and bacitracin | Milk | [162] | ||
Bacteria | Staphylococcus aureus | Orange juice, lettuce salad, fish | [163] | |
Escherichia coli O157:H7 | Milk, beef, pork, chicken, bread, jelly | [164,165] | ||
Salmonella spp. | Chicken, eggs | [166,167] | ||
Campylobacter jejuni | Milk, chicken | [168] | ||
Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Clam, white clam, flower clam, razor lam, yellow croaker, fresh shrimp | [169] | ||
Allergens | Milk casein, egg chicken albumin, hazelnut protein | Bakery products | [170] | |
Tropomyosin | Various food products | [171] | ||
Casein and β-lactoglobulin | Several food matrices | [172] | ||
Major peanut allergen | Peanut oils | [173] | ||
Parvalbumin | Fish | [174] | ||
Gluten | Grain flours, food dough, burger patty, ice cream, soup | [175,176] | ||
β-conglycinin | Skimmed milk | [177] | ||
Hormones | Dexamethasone | Milk, pork meat | [178] | |
17β-estradiol | Chicken, fish, prawn, pork | [179] | ||
Diethylstilbestrol and estradiol | Milk, shrimp tissue | [105] | ||
Pesticides | Triazophos | Cucumber | [180] | |
Spirotetramat and spirotetramat-enol | Wine, grape juice, and grapes. | [181] | ||
Adulterants/food identification/illegal additives | Melamine | Milk, animal feed; | [182,183] | |
Specific buffalo’s milk protein | Cow’s milk | [184] | ||
Saffron genomic DNA | Dried herbal materials | [185] | ||
Duck meat | Beef meat | [186] | ||
Horse and donkey meat | Several foods | [187] | ||
Horse, pork beef, sheep meat | Fresh meat | [188] | ||
Pork meat | Several meats | [189] | ||
Goose meat | Raw, cooked food products | [190] | ||
Chicken meat | Meat products | [191] | ||
Horse meat | Raw, processed meat products | [192] | ||
Sibutramine | Diet food | [193] | ||
Chlorpheniramine | Herbal teas | [194] |
Application Field | Target | Matrix | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Veterinary | Viruses and related infections | African swine fever | Blood, spleen, tissue | [195,196] |
Rabies | Brain tissue | [197,198] | ||
Porcine epidemic diarrhea | Colostrum, stool | [199,200] | ||
Bovine rotavirus | Stool | [201] | ||
Avian leukosis virus | Chicken meconium | [202] | ||
Avian infectious bronchitis virus | Chicken throat and cloacal swab | [203] | ||
Newcastle disease | Chicken serum | [204] | ||
Foot-and-mouth disease | Serum, several tissue samples | [205,206] | ||
Canine adenovirus | Canine serum, rectal swabs | [207] | ||
Brucellosis | Serum | [208] | ||
Gumboro disease | Poultry | [209] | ||
Bacteria and related infections | Bovine mastitis | Milk | [210,211,212] | |
Mycobacterium bovis infection | Bovine serum, whole blood; wild boar serum | [213,214] | ||
Brucellosis | Dromedary camels serum | [215] | ||
Other infectious diseases | Bovine babesiosis | Blood | [216,217] | |
Trypanosomosis | Equine serum | [218] | ||
Fasciolosis | Sheep serum | [219] | ||
Canine visceral leishmaniasis | Serum | [220,221] | ||
Toxoplasmosis | Cat serum | [222] | ||
Health status (bio)markers | Amyloid A | Horses’ serum | [223] | |
Progesterone | Cattle plasma | [224] |
Application Field | Target | Matrix | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental | Pesticides | Carbofuran and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran | Water | [225] |
Paraquat | Water | [226] | ||
Atrazine and acetochlor | Water | [227] | ||
Acetochlor and fenpropathrin | Tap water | [228] | ||
Pathogens | E. coli O157:H7 | River water | [229] | |
Human adenovirus | Wastewater | [230] | ||
Yersinia pestis | Suspicious white powders, aerosol samples | [231] | ||
Heavy metals | Lead (II) | Drinking water | [232] | |
Other pollutants | Free chlorine | Aqueous soluions | [233] | |
Karenia mikimotoi | Marine water | [234] | ||
Karlodinium veneficum | Seawater | [235] | ||
Microcystin-LR toxin | Water and fish | [236] | ||
Aflatoxin B1 | Potable water | [237] | ||
Bisphenol A | Snow | [238] | ||
Norfloxacin | Tap and river water | [239] | ||
3-phenoxybenzoic acid | Lake water | [240] |
Application Field | Target | Matrix | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Other | Agriculture | Banana bract mosaic virus | Banana leaf tissues | [241] |
Citrus tristeza virus | Citrus leaves | [242] | ||
Metalaxyl | Tobacco leaves | [243] | ||
Erwinia amylovora | Different plant parts | [244] | ||
Potato spindle tuber viroid | Plant leanves | [245] | ||
Dickeya solani | Potato tubers | [246] | ||
Forensic | Fentanyl | Human urine and serum | [247,248,249] | |
Morphine, fentanyl and methamphetamine | Human urine | [250] | ||
Tetrahydrocannabinol | Human oral fluids | [251,252,253] | ||
Methamphetamine | Surface | [254] | ||
Prostate specific antigen and salivary amylase | Vaginal swab | [255] | ||
Human hemoglobin | Bloodstain | [256] | ||
Higenamine | Plant samples | [257] | ||
Hallucinogenic phenethylamines | Human Urine | [258] | ||
Industrial | Pantothenic acid | Pharmaceutical, food products | [259] | |
Chlorogenic acid and luteoloside | Flos Lonicerae Japonicae | [260] | ||
Dexamethasone | Commercial facial masks | [261] | ||
Dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine | Commercial artemisinin-based combination therapy drugs | [262] | ||
Artesunate | Pharmaceutical formulation | [263] | ||
Artemisinin derivatives | Antimalarial drugs | [264] | ||
Folic acid | Orange, apple, banana, grape juice | [265] | ||
Other | Cotinine | Human urine | [266] |
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Di Nardo, F.; Chiarello, M.; Cavalera, S.; Baggiani, C.; Anfossi, L. Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Sensors 2021, 21, 5185. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155185
Di Nardo F, Chiarello M, Cavalera S, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Sensors. 2021; 21(15):5185. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155185
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Nardo, Fabio, Matteo Chiarello, Simone Cavalera, Claudio Baggiani, and Laura Anfossi. 2021. "Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives" Sensors 21, no. 15: 5185. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155185