Electrochemical Sensing of Lead in Drinking Water Using Copper Foil Bonded with Polymer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Sensor Fabrication
2.3. Electrode Characterization
2.4. Voltammetry Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Directly Bonded Cu/LCP for Sensing Electrodes
3.2. Cu-Based Sensing Electrodes
3.3. Optimization of Sensing Parameters
3.4. Voltammetric Measurements and Sensor Calibration
3.5. Interference Study
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process Parameter | Value |
---|---|
RIE power (W) | 100 |
RIE time (s) | 240 |
O2 flow (sccm) | 98 |
Vacuum Pressure (Pa) | 100 |
Bonding temperature (°C) | 230 for 1 h |
Bond-head pressure (MPa) | 0.3 |
Process Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Deposition potential (V) | −0.6 |
Deposition time (s) | 10 |
Pulse frequency (Hz) | 98 |
Amplitude (mV) | 100 |
Increment (mV) | 10 |
Electrode Material | Electrode Fabrication | LOD (µg/L) | Deposition Time (s) | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WE | CE | RE | ||||
Rolled-annealed Cu foil | Cu | Cu/CuCl2 | LaserJet printing of electrode mask on rolled-annealed Cu/polymer. Integrated metal foil-based microelectrodes bonded to a polymer substrate. RE fabricated by anodic chlorination of Cu using embedded electrodes. | 0.2 | 10 | This work. |
MWCNTs with β-CD | Pt | Ag/AgCl | MWCNTs with β-CD drop casted on screen-printed carbon electrode. | 0.9 | 600 | Our previous work [21] |
Bi-TRGO/Au | Au | Ag/AgCl | Photolithographic processing of fully-integrated microelectrodes on thermally-reduced graphene oxide on Si substrate followed by electrodeposition of Bismuth. | 0.4 | 150 | [1] |
Cu thin-film | Cu | Cu/CuCl2 | Fully-integrated thin-film electrodes formed by e-beam evaporation of Cu on adhesive Ti layer, followed by photolithography and Ti/Cu etch. | 4.4 | 300 | [30] |
Bi-C | Pt | Ag/AgCl | Screen printing & electrodeposition of bismuth- coated carbon electrode. | 0.3 | 120 | [17] |
Bi-nanopowder/Nafion | Pt | SCE | Dispersion of gas-condensed bismuth nanopowder on carbon with Nafion. | 0.17–1.97 | 180 | [18] |
Bi | Pt | SCE | Screen printing and electrochemical reduction of Bi2O3. | 2.3 | 300 | [19] |
Hg-Bi/SWCNT on GCE | Pt | Ag/AgCl | Single-walled carbon nanotube functionalization of glassy-carbon electrode by liquid drop followed by ex-situ chemical deposition of Hg and Bi metals. | 1.2 × 10−3 | 300 | [20] |
Sb-boron doped diamond | C | SCE | Electrochemical modification of antimony nanoparticles on boron-doped diamond electrode. | 18.5 | 120 | [22] |
SWCNT | Pt | SCE | Vacuum filtering of single-walled carbon nanotube on an anodic membrane followed by photolithographic processing. | 0.8 | 150 | [50] |
Au | C | Ag | Screen printing of Au and Ag. | 0.5 | 120 | [51] |
Bi-Nafion-graphene on GCE | Pt | Ag/AgCl | Glassy-carbon electrode with composite paste made by dispersion of graphene in Nafion solution and in-situ plating of Bi film. | 0.5 | 120 | [52] |
Bi/Nafion/poly-pyrrole on GCE | Pt | SCE | Pyrrole polymerization followed by thiolene overoxidation & Nafion coat on glassy-carbon electrode. | 0.05 | 300 | [53] |
Bi/GCE | Pt | Ag/AgCl | In-situ deposition of bismuth on glassy-carbon electrode. | 0.8 | 120 | [54] |
Bi nano-hexagons on Cu | Pt | Ag/AgCl | Hexagon-shaped bismuth nano- and micro-architectures electrodeposition onto polycrystalline Cu film. | 0.05 | 600 | [55] |
Boron doped diamond | Pt | Ag/AgCl | Synthesis of diamond films in a hot filament chemical vapor deposition reactor. | 1 | 180 | [56] |
Bi/graphene-ionic composite | Pt | Ag/AgCl | Electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide on an ionic liquid followed by in-situ bismuth deposition to form a composite paste for electrode. | 0.1 | 120 | [57] |
Bi-CNT | Pt | SCE | In-situ bismuth plating on screen-printed carbon nanotube electrode. | 1.3 | 300 | [58] |
Porous Bi | Pt | Ag/AgCl | Electrochemical deposition of bismuth into a polystyrene-based nano-spherical porous template. | 1.3 | 90 | [59] |
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Redhwan, T.Z.; Ali, Y.; Howlader, M.M.R.; Haddara, Y.M. Electrochemical Sensing of Lead in Drinking Water Using Copper Foil Bonded with Polymer. Sensors 2023, 23, 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031424
Redhwan TZ, Ali Y, Howlader MMR, Haddara YM. Electrochemical Sensing of Lead in Drinking Water Using Copper Foil Bonded with Polymer. Sensors. 2023; 23(3):1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031424
Chicago/Turabian StyleRedhwan, Taufique Z., Younus Ali, Matiar M. R. Howlader, and Yaser M. Haddara. 2023. "Electrochemical Sensing of Lead in Drinking Water Using Copper Foil Bonded with Polymer" Sensors 23, no. 3: 1424. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031424