A Narrative Review of Preclinical In Vitro Studies Investigating microRNAs in Myocarditis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Myocarditis—Basic Information
1.2. microRNAs—Small Regulators of Gene Expression
1.3. Suggested Value of MicroRNAs in Myocarditis
2. Methodology
3. MicroRNAs in an In Vitro Model of Myocarditis
3.1. microRNA Alterations in Myocarditis
3.2. microRNA Influence on Myocardial Inflammation
3.3. Viral Replication Dependence on microRNAs
3.4. microRNA Impact on Cell Apoptosis
3.5. In Vitro Models Presenting the Role of microRNAs in Cardiac Dysfunction
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
5. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Year | Population | Comparison | miRNA | Outcome | Methodology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yao et al. [28] | 2020 | CVB3-infected HeLa cells | normal HeLa cells | miR-107 | ↑ miR-107 in CVB3-infected HeLa cells | miRs by PCR |
Liu et al. [29] | 2022 | CVB3-infected HeLa cells | normal HeLa cells | miR-324-3p | ↑ miR-324-3p in CVB3-infected HeLa cells | miRs by qPCR |
Lin et al. [30] | 2016 | CVB3-infected HL-1 cells | mock-infected HL-1 cells | miR-19b | ↑ miR-19b in CVB3-infected HL-1 cells | miRs by microarray analysis and qPCR |
Ref. | Year | Population | Comparison | miRNA | Outcome | Methodology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pan et al. [31] | 2022 | LPS-induced HCM treated with EVs with miR-223p | LPS-induced HCM (without intervention) | miR-223-3p | Cardiac inflammation and pyroptosis restriction caused by miR-223-3p. | IL-1β and IL-6 by ELISA |
Zhu et al. [32] | 2022 | SOX2OT-silenced LPS-induced HCM + miR-215-5p inhibitor | SOX2OT-silenced LPS-induced HCM | miR-215-5p | ↑ IL-6 and TNF-α (IFs) in HCM with miR-215-5p inhibitor. | IFs by WB |
Wang et al. [33] | 2020 | miR-16 mimic-treated LPS-induced HCM | normal HCM, LPS-induced HCM, or miR-16 inhibitor-treated LPS-induced-HCM | miR-16 | ↓ miR-16 in LPS cells compared to others; ↓ IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α (IFs) in LPS-cells treated with miR-16 compared to others. | miRs by qPCR IFs by ELISA |
Fei et al. [34] | 2020 | miR-146a mimic-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells | normal HeLa cells or miR-146a antagonist-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells | miR-146a | ↑ miR-146a in infected cells compared to others; ↓ IL-6 and TNF-α (Ifs) in cells treated with miR-146a mimic. | miRs by qPCR; Ifs by ELISA |
Fan et al. [35] | 2019 | miR-181d or miR-30a inhibitors or mimic-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells | normal HeLa cells, CVB3-infected HeLa cells, or miR-NC CVB3-infected HeLa cells | miR-181d miR-30a | ↑ miR-181d and miR-30a in infected HeLa cells compared to normal cells; ↑ IL-6 after injecting miR mimic; ↓ IL-6 after injecting miR inhibitor. | miRs by qPCR; IL-6 by ELISA |
Chen et al. [36] | 2015 | miR-214 mimic-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells | miR214 antagonist-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells | miR-214 | ↑ TNF-α and IL-6 (IFs) in miR-214 mimic-treated HeLa cells. | IFs by ELISA |
Chen et al. [37] | 2017 | LPS and LPS/TNF- α-treated miR-98-deficient B-cells | LPS and LPS/TNF-α-treated wild B-cells | miR-98 | ↑ IL-10 in LPS-treated wild B-cells (but not in LPS/TNF-α-treated wild B-cells); ↑ IL-10 in LPS and LPS/TNF-α-treated miR-98-deficient B-cells. | IL-10 by qPCR |
Ref. | Year | Population | Comparison | miRNA | Outcome | Methodology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germano et al. [38] | 2019 | antagomiR-590-5p-treated CVB-infected CM | normal CM miR-590-5p mimic-treated CVB-infected CM. | miR-590-5p | ↑ miR-590-5p in infected CM compared to normal CM; ↓ viral load and ↓ VP1 in antagomiR-590-5p-treated CVB-infected CM compared to other infected cells. | miRs by qPCR; viral load by plaque assay; VP1 by WB. |
Ye et al. [39] | 2013 | miR-126 mimic-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells | miR-126 inhibitor-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells; miR-NC-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells. | miR-126 | ↑ miR-126 after CVB3 infection VP1 and viral replication; ↑ miR-126 mimic treated and ↓ miR-126 inhibitor-treated cells compared to NC. | miRs by qPCR; VP-1 by WB; replication by plaque assay. |
He et al. [40] | 2019 | miR-21-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells | non-mammal-miR-treated CVB3-infected HeLa cells. | miR-21 | ↓ viral load in miR-21-treated CVB3-infected cells compared to others. | Viral load by plaque assay. |
Liu et al. [29] | 2022 | miR-324-3p-overexpressing CVB3-infected HeLa cells | miR-324-3p-silenced CVB3-infected HeLa cells. | miR-324-3p | ↓ VP1 in miR-324-3p-overexpressing cells. | VP1 by WB. |
He et al. [41] | 2015 | miR-133 or -206-Ts-engineered CVB3-infected HeLa cells | non-mammal-miR-Ts-engineered CVB3-infected HeLa cells; CVB3-infected HeLa cells. | miR-133 miR-206 | ↓ viral replication and ↑ cell viability in miR-133 or -206-Ts-engineered CVB3-infected cells. | Viral replication by plaque assay; cell viability by MTS assay. |
Corsten et al. [42] | 2015 | miR-221/-222-inhibited CVB3-infected neonatal rat CMs | miR-221/-222 mimic-treated CVB3-infected neonatal rat CMs; miR-NC-treated CVB3-infected neonatal rat CMs. | miR-221/-222 | ↑ viral load in miR-221/-222-inhibited CM compared to other VMC CM. | Viral load by qPCR. |
Ref. | Year | Population | Comparison | miRNA | Outcome | Methodology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al. [43] | 2021 | miR-8055-overexpressing LPS-treated HCM | miR-8055-silenced LPS-treated HCM. | miR-8055 | ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα (IFs); ↓ cTnT, CKMB, BNP, and apoptotic rate in miR-8055-overexpressing cells. | IFs, cTnT, CKMB, and BNP by ELISA; apoptotic cells by FC. |
**ang et al. [44] | 2019 | miR-27 mimic-treated LPS-H9c2 cells | miR-27 inhibitor-treated LPS-H9c2 cells. | miR-27 | ↓ cell apoptosis in miR-27 mimic-treated cells. | Cell apoptosis by MTT assay and FC. |
Li et al. [45] | 2019 | miR-203 inhibitor-treated LPS-H9c2 cells | miR-203 mimic-treated LPS-H9c2 cells; miR NC-treated LPS-cells. | miR-203 | ↓ IL-6, IL-8 (IFs), and cell apoptosis after miR-203 inhibition. | Cell apoptosis and IFs by ELISA. |
Tong et al. [46] | 2020 | miR-15 inhibitor-treated CVB3-infected H9c2 cells | normal H9c2 cells; CVB3-infected H9c2 cells; miR NC-treated CVB3-infected cells. | miR-15 | ↑ miR-15 in CVB3-infected cells compared to normal cells; ↓ cell apoptosis and ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 (Ifs) in cells treated with miR-15-inhibitor compared to other CVB3-infected cells. | miRs by qPCR; cell apoptosis by FC; Ifs by ELISA. |
**a et al. [47] | 2020 | miR-217 inhibitor- or miR-543 inhibitor-treated CVB3-infected H9c2 cells | normal H9c2 cells; miR NC-treated CVB3-infected H9c2 cells. | miR-217 miR-543 | ↑ miR-217 and miR-543 in CVB3-infected H9c2 cells compared to normal cells; ↓ cell apoptosis, ↓ IL-1β, and IL-6 (Ifs) caused by miR inhibitor. | miRs by qPCR; cell apoptosis by FC; Ifs by ELISA. |
Li et al. [48] | 2020 | miR-16 mimic-treated LPS-induced H9c2 cells | normal H9c2 cells; NC-treated LPS-induced-H9c2 cells. | miR-16 | ↓ miR-16 in LPS-induced cells than in normal cells; ↓ cell apoptosis, IL-6, and TNF-α (IFs) in LPS-induced cells treated with miR-16 compared to other LPS-induced cells. | miRs by qPCR; cell apoptosis by FC; IFs by WB. |
Zhang et al. [49] | 2016 | miR-98 mimic-treated HCM | miR-98 inhibitor-treated HCM; miR NC-treated HCM. | miR-98 | ↓ FAS and FASL mRNA and ↓ apoptotic cells in HCM treated with miR-98 mimic compared to others. | miRs, FAS, and FASL by qPCR; apoptotic cells by FC. |
Ref. | Year | Population | Comparison | miRNA | Outcome | Methodology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xu et al. [50] | 2012 | miR-1-treated neonatal rat CM | miR-1-inhibited neonatal rat CM; miR NC-treated neonatal rat CM. | miR-1 | ↓ Cx43 protein in miR-1-treated CM compared to other CM | Cx43 by WB |
Lin et al. [30] | 2016 | miR-19b mimic-treated hi-PSCs-CMs | NC-treated hi-PSCs-CMs. | miR-19b | Irregular beating patterns and decreased beating rate of CM treated with miR-19b mimic | Beating assessed in timeslot |
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Grodzka, O.; Procyk, G.; Wrzosek, M. A Narrative Review of Preclinical In Vitro Studies Investigating microRNAs in Myocarditis. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 1413-1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46020091
Grodzka O, Procyk G, Wrzosek M. A Narrative Review of Preclinical In Vitro Studies Investigating microRNAs in Myocarditis. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2024; 46(2):1413-1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46020091
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrodzka, Olga, Grzegorz Procyk, and Małgorzata Wrzosek. 2024. "A Narrative Review of Preclinical In Vitro Studies Investigating microRNAs in Myocarditis" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 46, no. 2: 1413-1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46020091