Narcotic Nitrogen Effects Persist after a Simulated Deep Dive
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Study Limitations
4.2. Sharpened Romberg Test (SRT)
4.3. Modified Tweezers Test
4.4. Oxygen vs. Nitrogen Effects
4.5. Fatigue
5. Summary/Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Behnke, A.R.; Thomson, R.M.; Motley, E.P. The psychologic effects from breathing air at 4 atmospheres pressure. Am. J. Physiol. 1935, 112, 554–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colladon, M. Relation d’une Descente en Mer dans la Cloche du Plongeur; Dondey-Dupré: Paris, France, 1826. [Google Scholar]
- Balestra, C.; Lafère, P.; Germonpré, P. Persistence of critical flicker fusion frequency impairment after a 33 mfw SCUBA dive: Evidence of prolonged nitrogen narcosis? Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2012, 112, 4063–4068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rostain, J.C.; Lavoute, C.; Risso, J.J.; Vallée, N.; Weiss, M. A review of recent neurochemical data on inert gas narcosis. Undersea Hyperb. Med. 2011, 38, 49–59. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Hobbs, M. Subjective and behavioral responses to nitrogen narcosis and alcohol. Undersea Hyperb. Med. 2008, 35, 175–184. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Monteiro, M.G.; Hernandez, W.; Figlie, N.B.; Takahashi, E.; Korukian, M. Comparison between subjective feelings to alcohol and nitrogen narcosis: A pilot study. Alcohol 1996, 13, 75–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pendergast, D.R.; Senf, C.J.; Fletcher, M.C.; Lundgren, C.E.G. Effects of ambient temperature on nitrogen uptake and elimination in humans. Undersea Hyperb. Med. 2015, 42, 85–94. [Google Scholar]
- Thom, S.R.; Milovanova, T.N.; Bogush, M.; Yang, M.; Bhopale, V.M.; Pollock, N.W.; Ljubkovic, M.; Denoble, P.; Madden, D.; Lozo, M.; et al. Bubbles, microparticles, and neutrophil activation: Changes with exercise level and breathing gas during open-water SCUBA diving. J. Appl. Physiol. 2013, 114, 1396–1405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Møllerløkken, A.; Breskovic, T.; Palada, I.; Valic, Z.; Dujic, Z.; Brubakk, A.O. Observation of increased venous gas emboli after wet dives compared to dry dives. Diving Hyperb. Med. 2011, 41, 124–128. [Google Scholar]
- Masurel, G.; Guillerm, R.; Cavenel, P. Détection ultrasonore par effet Doppler de bulles circulantes chez l’homme lors de 98 plongées à l’air. Méd. Aero. Spat. Méd. Sub. Hyp. 1976, 156, 199–202. [Google Scholar]
- Boussuges, A.; Retali, G.; Bodéré-Melin, M.; Gardette, B.; Carturan, D. Gender differences in circulating bubble production after SCUBA diving. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 2009, 29, 400–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davis, C. Narked, how often has it happened to you? DeeperBlue 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Karakaya, H.; Aksu, S.; Egi, S.M.; Aydin, S.; Uslu, A. Effects of Hyperbaric Nitrogen Narcosis on Cognitive Performance in Recreational air SCUBA Divers: An Auditory Event-related Brain Potentials Study. Ann. Work. Expo. Health 2021, 65, 505–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khasnis, A.; Gokula, R.M. Romberg’s test. J. Postgrad. Med. 2003, 49, 169–172. [Google Scholar]
- Neurologie; Masuhr, K.F.; Neumann, M.; Pfiester, P. (Eds.) Duale Reihe; 4., [überarb.] Aufl., mit Fallbeispiel-CD-ROM; Hippokrates-Verl: Stuttgart, Germany, 1998; ISBN 978-3-7773-1334-4. [Google Scholar]
- Dubey, Y.; Gujer, H.R. Alcohol intoxication at the wheel in the Waadt canton (Switzerland).A comparative study of penal and administrative measures 1970 and 1989 in the canton capital city (Lausanne) and a rural area. Blutalkohol 1993, 30, 266–289. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Newmeyer, M.N.; Swortwood, M.J.; Taylor, M.E.; Abulseoud, O.A.; Woodward, T.H.; Huestis, M.A. Evaluation of divided attention psychophysical task performance and effects on pupil sizes following smoked, vaporized and oral cannabis administration: Performance on psychophysical tasks after inhaled and oral cannabis. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2017, 37, 922–932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hedetoft, M.; Hyldegaard, O. Postural stability in patients with decompression sickness evaluated by means of Quantitative Romberg testing. Undersea Hyperb. Med. 2015, 42, 389–398. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Panjan, A.; Sarabon, N. Review of Methods for the Evaluation of Human Body Balance. Sport Sci. Rev. 2010, 19, 131–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lugassy, D.; Levanon, Y.; Pilo, R.; Shelly, A.; Rosen, G.; Meirowitz, A.; Brosh, T. Predicting the clinical performance of dental students with a manual dexterity test. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0193980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ghasemloonia, A.; Maddahi, Y.; Zareinia, K.; Lama, S.; Dort, J.C.; Sutherland, G.R. Surgical Skill Assessment Using Motion Quality and Smoothness. J. Surg. Educ. 2017, 74, 295–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baddeley, A.D.; De Figueredo, J.W.; Curtis, J.W.; Williams, A.N. Nitrogen narcosis and performance under water. Ergonomics 1968, 11, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kneller, W.; Higham, P.; Hobbs, M. Measuring manual dexterity and anxiety in divers using a novel task at 35–41 m. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2012, 83, 54–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Connor Tweezer Dexterity Test. Medical Dictionary. 2009. Available online: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/O%27Connor+Tweezer+Dexterity+Test (accessed on 25 September 2021).
- Bundesamt für Justiz Verordnung über Arbeiten in Druckluft (DruckLV). 2017. Available online: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/drucklv/DruckLV.pdf (accessed on 20 February 2020).
- Ferguson, K.E.; Iverson, G.L. Qualified Examiner. In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology; Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2011; pp. 2095–2097. ISBN 978-0-387-79947-6. [Google Scholar]
- Seeman, T.E.; Charpentier, P.A.; Berkman, L.F.; Tinetti, M.E.; Guralnik, J.M.; Albert, M.; Blazer, D.; Rowe, J.W. Predicting Changes in Physical Performance in a High-Functioning Elderly Cohort: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. J. Gerontol. 1994, 49, M97–M108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fitzgerald, B. A review of the sharpened Romberg test in diving medicine. SPUMS J 1996, 26, 142–146. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lee, C.T. Sharpening the Sharpened Romberg. SPUMS J 1998, 28, 125–132. [Google Scholar]
- Sarabon, N.; Mlaker, B.; Markovic, G. A novel tool for the assessment of dynamic balance in healthy individuals. Gait Posture 2010, 31, 261–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrison, L.M.; Mayston, M.J.; Johansson, R.S. Reactive control of precision grip does not depend on fast transcortical reflex pathways in X-linked Kallmann subjects. J. Physiol. 2000, 527, 641–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, W.-H.; Leonard, C.T. The effect of intervening forces on finger force perception. Neurosci. Lett. 2008, 438, 286–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed.; L. Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1988; ISBN 978-0-8058-0283-2. [Google Scholar]
- Germonpre, P.; Balestra, C.; Hemelryck, W.; Buzzacott, P.; Lafere, P. Objective vs. Subjective Evaluation of Cognitive Performance During 0.4-MPa Dives Breathing Air or Nitrox. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 2017, 88, 469–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hain, T.C. Approach to the patient with dizziness and vertigo. In Practical Neurology; Lipincott Raven Publishers: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1997; p. 159. ISBN 978-1-4511-4263-1. [Google Scholar]
- Friello, P.; Silver, N.; Sangi-Haghpeykar, H.; Cohen, H.S. Screening for balance in children and adults in a community science education setting: Normative data, influence of age, sex, and body mass index, and feasibility. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0268030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dannenbaum, E.; Romberg Test. Shirley Ryan AbilityLab. 2013. Available online: www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/romberg-test (accessed on 6 June 2021).
- Hain, T.C.; Romberg Test for Imbalance. Dizziness-and-balance.com. 2021. Available online: https://dizziness-and-balance.com/practice/Romberg_test.html (accessed on 6 June 2021).
- Pontier, J.-M.; Buzzacott, P.; Nastorg, J.; Dinh-Xuan, A.T.; Lambrechts, K. Exhaled nitric oxide concentration and decompression-induced bubble formation: An index of decompression severity in humans? Nitric Oxide 2014, 39, 29–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lafere, P.; Balestra, C.; Hemelryck, W.; Donda, N.; Sakr, A.; Taher, A.; Marroni, S.; Germonpre, P. Evaluation of critical flicker fusion frequency and perceived fatigue in divers after air and enriched air nitrox diving. Diving Hyperb. Med. 2010, 40, 114–118. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Frankenhaeuser, M.; Graff-Lonnevig, V.; Hesser, C.M. Effects on Psychomotor Functions of Different Nitrogen-Oxygen Gas Mixtures at Increased Ambient Pressures. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1963, 59, 400–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scholey, A.B.; Moss, M.C.; Neave, N.; Wesnes, K. Cognitive performance, hyperoxia, and heart rate following oxygen administration in healthy young adults. Physiol. Behav. 1999, 67, 783–789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vadas, D.; Kalichman, L.; Hadanny, A.; Efrati, S. Hyperbaric Oxygen Environment Can Enhance Brain Activity and Multitasking Performance. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 2017, 11, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brebeck, A.-K.; Deussen, A.; Schmitz-Peiffer, H.; Range, U.; Balestra, C.; Cleveland, S.; Schipke, J.D. Effects of oxygen-enriched air on cognitive performance during SCUBA-diving—an open-water study. Res. Sports Med. 2017, 25, 345–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lafère, P.; Hemelryck, W.; Germonpré, P.; Matity, L.; Guerrero, F.; Balestra, C. Early detection of diving-related cognitive impairment of different nitrogen-oxygen gas mixtures using critical flicker fusion frequency. Diving Hyperb. Med. 2019, 49, 119–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paton, W. Diver narcosis, from man to cell membrane. In Proceedings of the OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37158), Providence, RI, USA, 11–14 September 2000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Air-Group n = 58 | O2-Group n = 28 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
age | [years] | 30 (21–54) | 38 (26–58) | <0.05 |
height | [cm] | 184 ± 8 | 182 ± 7 | n.s. |
body mass | [kg] | 87 ± 10.9 | 89 ± 11.1 | n.s. |
BMI | [kg/m2] | 26.0 ± 2.6 | 27.5 ± 3.6 | n.s. |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Dreyer, S.; Schneppendahl, J.; Hoffmanns, M.; Muth, T.; Schipke, J.D. Narcotic Nitrogen Effects Persist after a Simulated Deep Dive. Medicina 2024, 60, 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071083
Dreyer S, Schneppendahl J, Hoffmanns M, Muth T, Schipke JD. Narcotic Nitrogen Effects Persist after a Simulated Deep Dive. Medicina. 2024; 60(7):1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071083
Chicago/Turabian StyleDreyer, Sven, Johannes Schneppendahl, Martin Hoffmanns, Thomas Muth, and Jochen D. Schipke. 2024. "Narcotic Nitrogen Effects Persist after a Simulated Deep Dive" Medicina 60, no. 7: 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60071083