Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction—Chitin, Chitosan and Chitosan Oligomers
2. Chitin Extraction from Marine Biowaste
3. Chemical Conversion of Chitin to COS
3.1. Chemical Deacetylation of Chitin
3.2. Chemical Depolymerization of Chitosan
4. Biological Conversion of Chitin to COS
4.1. Enzymatic Deacetylation of Chitin
4.2. Enzymatic Chitin/Chitosan Depolymerization
5. Fully Enzymatic COS Production
6. Design-of-experiments Approach for Multi-enzyme Process Optimization
7. Conclusion and Future Prospects
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enzyme | Source Organism | Expression Host | Substrate | COS Product | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ClCDA | Colletotrichum lindemuthianum | Natural isolate | DP2–DP6 | Dn | [97] |
MrCDA | Mucor rouxii | Natural isolate | DP3 | Dn | [95] |
ScCDA1 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | S. cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris | DP2–DP6 | n.r. | [104] |
ScCDA2 | S. cerevisiae | S. cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris,E.coli | DP2–DP7 | n.r. | [105,106] |
FvCDA | Flammulina velutipes | Pichia pastoris | DP2–DP6 | n.r. | [107] |
RcCDA | Rhizopus circinans | Pichia pastoris | DP6 | n.r. | [108] |
PaCDA | Podospora anserinas | Hansenula polymorpha | ≥DP2 | Dn | [109] |
AnCDA | Aspergillus nidulans | E.coli | DP2–DP5 | Dn | [110] [114] |
PgtCDA | Puccinia graminis | E.coli | DP4-DP6 | AADn-2 | [103] |
PesCDA | Pestolotiopsis sp. | E.coli | DP4-DP6 | AADn-3A | [111] |
PcCDA | Pochonia chlamydosporia | E.coli | DP4, DP5 | ADDAn-3 | [94] |
SwCOD | Shewanella woodyi | E.coli | DP2–DP4 | AD; [ADAn−2] | [100] |
SbCOD | Shewanella baltica | E.coli | DP2–DP4 | AD; [ADAn−2] | [99] |
ArCE4A | Arthrobacter sp. | E.coli | DP2–DP6 | Dn−1 A | [102] |
NodB | Rhizobium spp. | E.coli | DP1–DP6 | ADAn-2 | [48] |
VcCOD | Vibrio chloreae | E.coli | DP2–DP6 | ADAn-2 | [110] |
Enzyme | Source Organism | Expression Host | Substrate | COS Product | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chitinosanase | Alternaria alternata | Natural isolate | Chitosan DA 40–70% | Cleavage after GlcN-GlcNAc | [119] |
Chitosanase | Purpureocillium lilacinum CFRNT12 | Natural isolate | Colloidal and crystalline chitosan | DP 2–6 | [120] |
Chitinase Chi1 | Myceliophthora thermophila C1 | Myceliophthora thermophila C1 | Chitosan Mw (100, 600, and 3000 kDa); DA (77, 78, 88, 90%) | DP 2–12 | [121] |
Chitosanase | B. subtilis | B. subtilis PT5 | α and β type chitosan | DP 2–4 | [122] |
Chitinase-D | Serratia proteamaculans | Escherichia coli | Chitosan DA 35% and 61% | DP 2–12 | [123] |
Chitinase-D | Serratia marcescens GPS5 | E. coli | Colloidal chitin, chitosan DA 10% | DP 1–8 | [124] |
GH46 family chitosanase | Bacillus subtilis (BsCsn46A) | E. coli | Chitosan DA 15, 30 and 60% | DP 2–15 | [125,126] |
GH46 family chitosanase | Gynuella sunshinyii | E. coli | Chitosan DA 95% COS DP 2–6 | DP 2–7 | [127] |
GH8 family chitosanase | Bacillus strain | E. coli | Chitosan DA > 90% | DP 5.5 (mean) | [114] |
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Schmitz, C.; González Auza, L.; Koberidze, D.; Rasche, S.; Fischer, R.; Bortesi, L. Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects. Mar. Drugs 2019, 17, 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17080452
Schmitz C, González Auza L, Koberidze D, Rasche S, Fischer R, Bortesi L. Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects. Marine Drugs. 2019; 17(8):452. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17080452
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchmitz, Christian, Lilian González Auza, David Koberidze, Stefan Rasche, Rainer Fischer, and Luisa Bortesi. 2019. "Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects" Marine Drugs 17, no. 8: 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17080452