Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing Urban Parks in Different Seasons in Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
3.2. Assessment of the Reliability of Physiological and Psychological Indices
3.3. Physiological Effects
3.4. Psychological Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spring | Summer | |
---|---|---|
Experimental Period | March 28–April 3 | May 30–June 6 |
Temperature (°C) (mean ± SD) | Park: 14.4 ± 2.8 City: 13.4 ± 2.9 | Park: 26.73 ± 2.64 City: 26.73 ± 1.53 |
Relative humidity (%) (mean ± SD) | Park: 45.4 ± 18.1 City: 40.6 ± 14.2 | Park: 50.2 ± 10 City: 52 ± 5.71 |
Parameter | Spring (N = 12) | Summer (N = 12) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 66.4 ± 10.5 | 66.8 ± 10.1 |
Gender | ||
Male | 50% | 41.7% |
Female | 50% | 58.3% |
Employment status | ||
No | 66.7% | 75% |
Yes | 33.3% | 25% |
Education | ||
Senior high school | 25% | 33.3% |
University | 16.7% | 33.3% |
Other | 58.3% | 33.3% |
Income (JPY/month) | ||
Less than JPY 150,000 | 41.7% | 58.3% |
JPY 150,000–200,000 | 25% | 25% |
JPY 200,000–250,000 | 16.7% | - |
More than JPY 250,000 | 16.7% | 16.7% |
Smoking behavior | ||
No | 91.7% | 91.7% |
Yes | 8.3% | 8.3% |
Alcohol use | ||
No | 58.3% | 50% |
Yes | 41.7% | 50% |
Slee** time (hours) | ||
Less than 7 h | 66.7% | 66.7% |
7–9 h | 33.3% | 33.3% |
Sport activity (times/month) | 5 ± 5.5 | 7.6 ± 9.3 |
Shinrin-yoku (times) | 6.6 ± 5 | 5.6 ± 8.5 |
Social attachment | ||
Sometimes | 66.7% | 50% |
Often | 25% | 16.7% |
Always | 8.3% | 33.3% |
Participation in community (times/month) | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 1.6 ± 2.8 |
Time | Activities (Location) |
---|---|
08:30 | Gathering at meeting point (in front of station building) |
08:30–09:00 | Drop** off to park/city area by car |
09:00–09:20 | Orientation and signing of consent forms (resting room) |
10:20–10:40 | Pre-measurement of blood pressure and heart rate, POMS, STAI (resting room) |
10:40–11:00 | Seated-viewing experiment (park/city) |
11:00–11:20 | Post-measurement of blood pressure and heart rate, POMS, STAI (resting room) |
11:20–12:00 | Moving to the urban park/city by car |
12:00–12:30 | Having lunch (resting room) |
13:20–13:40 | Pre-measurement of blood pressure and heart rate, POMS, STAI, (resting room) |
13:40–14:00 | Seated-viewing experiment (park/city) |
14:00–14:20 | Post-measurement of blood pressure and heart rate, POMS, STAI (resting room) |
Indices | Cronbach’s α | |
---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | |
Heart rate | 0.815 | 0.824 |
Blood pressure | 0.931 | 0.781 |
POMS | 0.71 | 0.896 |
STAI | 0.896 | 0.933 |
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Pratiwi, P.I.; **ang, Q.; Furuya, K. Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing Urban Parks in Different Seasons in Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214279
Pratiwi PI, **ang Q, Furuya K. Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing Urban Parks in Different Seasons in Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214279
Chicago/Turabian StylePratiwi, Prita Indah, Qiongying **ang, and Katsunori Furuya. 2019. "Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing Urban Parks in Different Seasons in Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214279