Biofuel Production Using Cultivated Algae: Technologies, Economics, and Its Environmental Impacts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cultivation Systems and Harvesting Methods
2.1. Microalgal Cultivation Modes
2.2. Parameters Influencing the Growth of Algae
2.2.1. Effect of Temperature
2.2.2. Effect of Light Intensity
2.2.3. Effect of CO2
2.2.4. Effect of pH
2.3. Types of Microalgal Biomass Production Systems (Reactor)
2.3.1. Open Pond Cultivation Method
2.3.2. Photobioreactors (PBR)
2.3.3. Hybrid Cultivation System
2.4. Microalgal Cultivation Strategies
2.4.1. Batch Cultivation
2.4.2. Continuous Cultivation
2.4.3. Semi-Continuous Cultivation
2.5. Microalgae Harvesting Techniques
2.5.1. Centrifugation
2.5.2. Sedimentation
2.5.3. Flotation
2.5.4. Flocculation
2.6. Drying Processes
3. Biofuel Production
3.1. Lipid Extraction
3.1.1. Soxhlet Extraction Method
3.1.2. Microwave Irradiation Extraction
3.1.3. Lipid Extraction Using Ionic Liquids and Methanol
3.1.4. Electrochemical Method of Lipid Extraction
3.2. Lipid to Biofuel Conversion Techniques
3.2.1. Thermochemical Conversion
3.2.2. Biochemical Conversion
3.2.3. Chemical Conversion
3.2.4. Supercritical Transesterification
3.2.5. Hydrothermal Liquefaction
3.3. Biodiesel Purification
3.4. Quality of Microalgal Biofuel
3.4.1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Microalgal Biodiesel
3.4.2. Effect of Injection Timing on Combustion Characteristics
3.4.3. Droplet Combustion Characteristics
3.4.4. Engine Performance and Emissions
4. Techno-Economic Analysis
5. Environmental Impact of Microalgae Biofuel Production
6. Recommendation and Future Prospective
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alazaiza, M.Y.D.; Albahnasawi, A.; Al Maskari, T.; Abujazar, M.S.S.; Bashir, M.J.K.; Nassani, D.E.; Abu Amr, S.S. Biofuel Production Using Cultivated Algae: Technologies, Economics, and Its Environmental Impacts. Energies 2023, 16, 1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031316
Alazaiza MYD, Albahnasawi A, Al Maskari T, Abujazar MSS, Bashir MJK, Nassani DE, Abu Amr SS. Biofuel Production Using Cultivated Algae: Technologies, Economics, and Its Environmental Impacts. Energies. 2023; 16(3):1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031316
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlazaiza, Motasem Y. D., Ahmed Albahnasawi, Tahra Al Maskari, Mohammed Shadi S. Abujazar, Mohammed J. K. Bashir, Dia Eddin Nassani, and Salem S. Abu Amr. 2023. "Biofuel Production Using Cultivated Algae: Technologies, Economics, and Its Environmental Impacts" Energies 16, no. 3: 1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031316