Influence of Cold Wave Diversities on Thermal Stress and Thermal Fatigue Life of Asphalt Mixture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Indirect Tensile Relaxation Test
2.3. Statistical Analysis of Cold Waves
2.4. Thermal Stress Analysis Based on Finite Element Simulation
2.5. Prediction Method of Thermal Fatigue Life
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Distributing Characteristics of Cool Wave
3.2. Simulation and Verification of Thermal Stress
3.3. Comparison of Thermal Stress in Different Regions
3.4. Prediction of Thermal Fatigue Life
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | AH-70# | AH-90# | Test Methods |
---|---|---|---|
Penetration (25 °C, 0.1 mm) | 71 | 87 | ASTM D5 [30] |
Softening point (°C) | 47.5 | 45.5 | ASTM D36 [31] |
Ductility (15 °C, cm) | >100 | >100 | ASTM D113 [32] |
Flashing point (°C) | 285 | 281 | ASTM D92 [33] |
Mass loss after TFOT, 163 °C, 5 h (%) | 0.15 | 0.38 | ASTM D6 [34] |
Penetration ratio after TFOT (%) | 78.8 | 72 | ASTM D5 [30] |
Ductility after TFOT (cm) | 6.5 | 7.4 | ASTM D113 [32] |
G* @ 58 °C (kPa) | 6.78 | 5.99 | ASTM D7175 [35] |
δ @ 58 °C (◦) | 81.7 | 80.5 | / |
G*/sin δ @ 58 °C (kPa) | 6.86 | 6.07 | / |
Sieve Size (mm) | 13.2 | 9.5 | 4.75 | 2.36 | 1.18 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.075 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apparent gravity (g/cm3) | 2.723 | 2.681 | 2.679 | 2.694 | 2.708 | 2.713 | 2.713 | 2.712 | 2.712 |
Moisture uptake ratio (%) | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.52 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Mixture Type | i | Ei | |
---|---|---|---|
AC-13-70 | ∞ | 41.99 | / |
1 | 1214 | 0.2 | |
2 | 6.08 × 10−7 | 2 | |
3 | 25.08 | 20 | |
4 | 13.37 | 200 | |
5 | 0.02903 | 2000 | |
AC-13-90 | ∞ | 1.078 × 10−9 | / |
1 | 309.6 | 0.2 | |
2 | 5016 | 2 | |
3 | 265.7 | 20 | |
4 | 3.75 × 10−10 | 200 | |
5 | 9.09 × 10−10 | 2000 |
Reference Temperature T0 (°C) | C1 | C2 |
---|---|---|
20 | 5 | 70 |
Level | Daily Minimum Temperature (°C) | Temperature Drop (°C) |
---|---|---|
Cold wave | TD ≤ 4 | 8 ≤ ΔT24 < 10 |
or 10 ≤ ΔT48 < 12 | ||
or 12 ≤ ΔT72 < 14 | ||
Severe cold wave | TD ≤ 2 | 10 ≤ ΔT24 < 12 |
or 12 ≤ ΔT48 < 14 | ||
or 14 ≤ ΔT72 < 16 | ||
Extreme cold wave | TD ≤ 0 | ΔT24 ≥ 12 |
or ΔT48 ≥ 14 | ||
or ΔT72 ≥ 16 |
Region No. | Region Name | Typical Cities | Mixture Type |
---|---|---|---|
1# | North China | Bei**g, Hohhot | AC-13-90 |
2# | Central China | Wuhan, Zhengzhou | AC-13-70 |
3# | East China | Shanghai, **an | AC-13-70 |
4# | Northeast China | Shenyang, Harbin | AC-13-90 |
5# | Northwest China | **ning, Urumqi | AC-13-70 |
Mixture Type | Thermal Shrinkage Coefficient (×10−6) | Elastic Modulus (MPa) | Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
AC-13-70 | 37 | 360 | 0.3 |
AC-13-90 | 37 | 310 | 0.3 |
Mixture Type | Temperature (°C) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Fracture Energy (J/m2) |
---|---|---|---|
AC-13-70 & AC-13-90 | −30 | 4.54 | 314 |
−10 | 4.06 | 314 | |
0 | 3.32 | 760 | |
10 | 2.58 | 1631 |
Region No. | Duration (h) | Initial Temperature (°C) | Extreme Temperature Drop (°C) | Cooling Rate (°C/h) | Mean Value of Temperature Drop (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
#1 | 24 | −6 | −15 | −0.625 | −9.2 |
48 | −2 | −17 | −0.354 | −11.4 | |
72 | −3 | −17 | −0.236 | −13.7 | |
#2 | 24 | −4 | −9 | −0.357 | −8.8 |
48 | 0 | −11 | −0.229 | −10.5 | |
72 | None | None | None | None | |
#3 | 24 | 1.6 | −11.8 | −0.492 | −9.3 |
48 | −3.9 | −12.9 | −0.269 | −11.2 | |
72 | None | None | None | None | |
#4 | 24 | −10.5 | −14.2 | −0.593 | −10 |
48 | −1.2 | −17.6 | −0.366 | −12.3 | |
72 | −5.8 | −18.8 | −0.262 | −14.3 | |
#5 | 24 | 0 | −10.7 | −0.447 | −8 |
48 | −9.6 | −11.6 | −0.242 | −10.9 | |
72 | 0.7 | −16.1 | −0.217 | −13.9 |
Thermal Boundary | Duration | Property | Region #1 | Region #2 | Region #3 | Region #4 | Region #5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atmospheric temperature | 24 h | Thermal stress (MPa) | 2.16 | 0.72 | 0.65 | 2.89 | 0.8 |
Occurrence moment | 5 a.m. | 4 a.m. | 10 a.m. | 7 a.m. | 5 a.m. | ||
48 h | Thermal stress (MPa) | 1.77 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 1.82 | 1.0 | |
Occurrence moment | 3 a.m. | 6 a.m. | 11 p.m. | 5 a.m. | 8 a.m. | ||
72 h | Thermal stress (MPa) | 1.7 | / | / | 2.76 | 1.05 | |
Occurrence moment | 5 a.m. | / | / | 7 a.m. | 10 a.m. | ||
Road surface temperature | 24 h | Thermal stress (MPa) | 1.60 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 1.62 | 0.79 |
Occurrence moment | 4 a.m. | 4 a.m. | 8 a.m. | 6 a.m. | 5 a.m. | ||
48 h | Thermal stress (MPa) | 1.59 | 0.46 | 1.19 | 1.30 | 0.98 | |
Occurrence moment | 5 a.m. | 4 a.m. | 11 p.m. | 4 a.m. | 6 a.m. | ||
72 h | Thermal stress (MPa) | 1.18 | / | / | 1.60 | 0.76 | |
Occurrence moment | 6 a.m. | / | / | 7 a.m. | 10 a.m. |
Region | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total number | 50 | 4 | 5 | 39 | 4 |
Number of cold waves | 34 | 4 | 3 | 19 | 3 |
Number of severe cold waves | 7 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 0 |
Number of extreme cold waves | 9 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 |
Region | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial temperature (°C) | −6 | −4 | −3.9 | −10.5 | −9.6 |
Peak thermal stress (MPa) | 1.6 | 0.64 | 1.18 | 1.63 | 1 |
Ultimate tensile stress Sv (MPa) | 4.10 | 3.89 | 3.99 | 4.17 | 4.14 |
[Nf] | 18 | 207 | 36 | 18 | 67 |
Region | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated cases of severe and extreme cold waves in 15 years | 30 | 0 | 4 | 38 | 2 |
Ultimate tensile stress Sv (MPa) | 4.10 | 3.89 | 3.99 | 4.17 | 4.14 |
Thermal fatigue stress threshold (MPa) | 0.73 | 0.000 | 0.39 | 0.77 | 0.30 |
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Share and Cite
Haimei; Li, L.; Guo, Q.; He, W.; Xu, A. Influence of Cold Wave Diversities on Thermal Stress and Thermal Fatigue Life of Asphalt Mixture. Materials 2024, 17, 2541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112541
Haimei, Li L, Guo Q, He W, Xu A. Influence of Cold Wave Diversities on Thermal Stress and Thermal Fatigue Life of Asphalt Mixture. Materials. 2024; 17(11):2541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112541
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaimei, Lili Li, Qinglin Guo, Wenli He, and Aosen Xu. 2024. "Influence of Cold Wave Diversities on Thermal Stress and Thermal Fatigue Life of Asphalt Mixture" Materials 17, no. 11: 2541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112541