Genetic Variation of Growth Traits and Genotype-by-Environment Interactions in Clones of Catalpa bungei and Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site and Materials
2.2. Data Analysis
2.2.1. Analysis at a Species Level for Each Year
2.2.2. Analysis at a Clonal Level for Each Individual Year
2.2.3. Analysis at a Clonal Level across Years
3. Results
3.1. Growth Differences between the Two Species in Different Years
3.2. Repeatability of Height, DBH and Stem Volume in the Two Species
3.3. Variation Coefficients of Height, DBH and Stem Volume in the Two Species
3.4. Analyses of Growth Traits in the Two Species
3.5. Analysis of Increment of Stem Volume in the Two Species
3.6. Stability and Increment of Stem Volume of Clones Analyzed by GGE Biplots
3.7. Identification of Optimal Clones
4. Discussion
4.1. Genetic Variation of C. bungei and C. fargesii f. duclouxii Clones
4.2. Genotype Effect and Genotype and Environment Interaction
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Species | Origin | Climate of Origin | Clones |
---|---|---|---|
C. bungei | Yellow River and Yangtze River regions | mean temperature:12–14 °C, annual precipitation: 500–900 mm | 22-03, 17-05, 19-27, 16-05, 16-10, 13-05, 16-04, 9-05, 18-09, 17-06, 16-01, 9-1, 12-09, 20-02, 20-06, 1-1, 22-08, 21-03, 22-05, 22-01, 22-07, 20-01, 23-05, 22-10, 21-02, 6-05, 19-12, 7-01, 12-13, 16-07, 19-01, 13-06 |
C. fargesii f. duclouxii | Yunnan-Guizhou plateau | mean temperature:5–24 °C, annual precipitation: 600–2000 mm | 1, 7, 15, 26, 31, 38, 43, 48, 52, 60, 63, 74, 77, 79, 110, 111, 118, 120, 128, 137 |
Year | Mean Square | F-Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Clone (Species) | Block | Species × Block | Error | Species | Clone (Species) | Block | Species × Block | ||
Height | 2009 | 1.363 | 0.264 | 0.530 | 0.120 | 0.228 | 5.97 * | 1.16 | 2.32 | 0.53 |
2010 | 0.020 | 0.347 | 0.360 | 0.668 | 0.162 | 0.12 | 2.14 ** | 2.22 | 4.11 ** | |
2011 | 0.006 | 0.429 | 0.264 | 1.395 | 0.186 | 0.03 | 2.31 ** | 1.42 | 7.52 ** | |
2012 | 5.198 | 0.503 | 1.121 | 3.015 | 0.271 | 19.15 ** | 1.85 ** | 4.13 ** | 11.11 ** | |
2013 | 78.229 | 0.610 | 1.398 | 4.661 | 0.240 | 325.91 ** | 2.54 ** | 5.83 ** | 19.42 ** | |
2014 | 33.076 | 3.014 | 8.036 | 8.674 | 1.300 | 25.44 ** | 2.32 ** | 6.18 ** | 6.67 ** | |
DBH | 2009 | 3.055 | 0.492 | 0.755 | 0.535 | 0.297 | 10.29 ** | 1.66 ** | 2.54 * | 1.8 |
2010 | 4.156 | 0.769 | 1.492 | 2.377 | 0.361 | 11.5 ** | 2.13 ** | 4.13 ** | 6.58 ** | |
2011 | 3.642 | 1.626 | 1.213 | 13.237 | 0.586 | 6.21 * | 2.77 ** | 2.07 | 22.58 ** | |
2012 | 3.825 | 2.931 | 2.168 | 38.914 | 0.895 | 4.27 * | 3.27 ** | 2.42 * | 43.48 ** | |
2013 | 84.589 | 7.126 | 9.182 | 63.773 | 3.261 | 25.94 ** | 2.19 ** | 2.82 * | 19.56 ** | |
2014 | 69.107 | 18.496 | 36.565 | 64.318 | 6.838 | 10.11 ** | 2.7 ** | 5.35 ** | 9.41 ** | |
Stem volume | 2009 | 0.00019 | 0.00006 | 0.00009 | 0.00011 | 0.00004 | 4.47 * | 1.35 | 2.04 | 2.53 * |
2010 | 0.00005 | 0.00019 | 0.00019 | 0.00045 | 0.00009 | 0.58 | 2.06 ** | 2.02 | 4.78 ** | |
2011 | 0.00007 | 0.00051 | 0.00033 | 0.00160 | 0.00025 | 0.29 | 2.04 ** | 1.32 | 6.42 ** | |
2012 | 0.00322 | 0.00074 | 0.00031 | 0.00614 | 0.00027 | 11.88 ** | 2.72 ** | 1.13 | 22.69 ** | |
2013 | 0.04994 | 0.00127 | 0.00077 | 0.01220 | 0.00045 | 110.19 ** | 2.8 ** | 1.7 | 26.93 ** | |
2014 | 0.03561 | 0.00192 | 0.00351 | 0.02064 | 0.00065 | 54.82 ** | 2.95 ** | 5.4 ** | 31.78 ** |
Species | Source of Variation | Df | Mean Square | F-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Height | DBH | Stem Volume | Height | DBH | Stem Volume | |||
C. bungei | Year | 5 | 463.289 | 1204.700 | 0.310 | 1095.246 ** | 286.833 ** | 155.000 ** |
Clone | 31 | 2.392 | 10.735 | 0.003 | 3.441 ** | 3.565 ** | 2.859 ** | |
Block | 4 | 4.290 | 44.273 | 0.012 | 4.783 ** | 7.406 ** | 4.000 * | |
Clone × Year | 155 | 0.160 | 0.808 | 0.000 | 1.622 ** | 2.114 ** | 3.013 ** | |
Block × Year | 20 | 0.362 | 3.774 | 0.002 | 3.675 ** | 9.876 ** | 11.208 ** | |
Clone × block | 122 | 0.634 | 2.586 | 0.001 | 6.430 ** | 6.766 ** | 5.002 ** | |
Error | 598 | 0.099 | 0.382 | 0.000 | ||||
C. fargesii f. duclouxii | Year | 5 | 159.337 | 520.887 | 0.097 | 106.296 ** | 63.000 ** | 32.333 ** |
Clone | 19 | 0.781 | 9.209 | 0.001 | 1.287 ** | 3.751 ** | 2.367 ** | |
Block | 4 | 7.883 | 55.697 | 0.014 | 4.080 ** | 5.667 ** | 4.667 ** | |
Clone × Year | 95 | 0.141 | 0.622 | 0.000 | 1.293 ** | 1.777 ** | 2.069 ** | |
Block × Year | 20 | 1.467 | 7.996 | 0.003 | 13.410 * | 22.850 ** | 25.660 ** | |
Clone × Block | 76 | 0.574 | 2.183 | 0.000 | 5.248 ** | 6.237 ** | 4.155 ** | |
Error | 369 | 0.109 | 0.350 | 0.000 |
Clones | Increment of Stem Volume/m3 | Mean/m3 | Standard Deviation/m3 | Variable Coefficient/% | Minimum/m3 | Maximum/m3 | Range/m3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009–2010 | 2010–2011 | 2011–2012 | 2012–2013 | 2013–2014 | |||||||
22-03 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.042 | 0.052 | 0.038 | 0.032 | 0.017 | 53.74 | 0.011 | 0.052 | 0.041 |
17-05 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.034 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 82.73 | 0.003 | 0.034 | 0.031 |
19-27 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.033 | 0.058 | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.019 | 66.60 | 0.011 | 0.058 | 0.047 |
16-05 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.030 | 0.051 | 0.018 | 0.025 | 0.016 | 62.74 | 0.013 | 0.051 | 0.038 |
16-10 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.032 | 0.038 | 0.018 | 0.022 | 0.013 | 58.37 | 0.010 | 0.038 | 0.027 |
13-05 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.026 | 0.046 | 0.021 | 0.023 | 0.015 | 66.17 | 0.009 | 0.046 | 0.037 |
16-04 | 0.013 | 0.010 | 0.025 | 0.037 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.011 | 51.18 | 0.010 | 0.037 | 0.027 |
9-05 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.025 | 0.048 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.016 | 67.06 | 0.009 | 0.048 | 0.039 |
18-09 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.022 | 0.035 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.011 | 59.16 | 0.007 | 0.035 | 0.028 |
17-06 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.026 | 0.033 | 0.013 | 0.018 | 0.011 | 64.35 | 0.006 | 0.033 | 0.027 |
16-01 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.030 | 0.040 | 0.021 | 0.023 | 0.013 | 56.08 | 0.009 | 0.040 | 0.032 |
9-1 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.030 | 0.041 | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.014 | 70.10 | 0.006 | 0.041 | 0.035 |
12-09 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.025 | 0.041 | 0.026 | 0.021 | 0.015 | 73.16 | 0.005 | 0.041 | 0.036 |
20-02 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.028 | 0.039 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.013 | 59.64 | 0.008 | 0.039 | 0.031 |
20-06 | 0.015 | 0.011 | 0.034 | 0.047 | 0.023 | 0.026 | 0.015 | 56.22 | 0.011 | 0.047 | 0.036 |
1-1 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.028 | 0.046 | 0.039 | 0.027 | 0.016 | 59.14 | 0.008 | 0.046 | 0.038 |
22-08 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.037 | 0.039 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 66.87 | 0.009 | 0.039 | 0.030 |
21-03 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.020 | 0.032 | 0.020 | 0.017 | 0.010 | 59.53 | 0.006 | 0.032 | 0.025 |
22-05 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.036 | 0.049 | 0.018 | 0.025 | 0.017 | 70.68 | 0.008 | 0.049 | 0.040 |
22-01 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.035 | 0.052 | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.018 | 72.21 | 0.006 | 0.052 | 0.045 |
22-07 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.029 | 0.050 | 0.031 | 0.027 | 0.016 | 59.51 | 0.011 | 0.050 | 0.038 |
20-01 | 0.015 | 0.010 | 0.033 | 0.058 | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.019 | 65.83 | 0.010 | 0.058 | 0.048 |
23-05 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.019 | 0.039 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.013 | 69.84 | 0.006 | 0.039 | 0.033 |
22-10 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.030 | 0.028 | 0.012 | 0.018 | 0.011 | 60.30 | 0.006 | 0.030 | 0.024 |
21-02 | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.027 | 0.040 | 0.013 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 82.09 | 0.002 | 0.040 | 0.039 |
6-05 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.036 | 0.058 | 0.018 | 0.026 | 0.021 | 78.07 | 0.010 | 0.058 | 0.048 |
19-12 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.026 | 0.043 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.014 | 67.32 | 0.007 | 0.043 | 0.036 |
7-01 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.009 | 70.46 | 0.004 | 0.025 | 0.022 |
12-13 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.020 | 0.035 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.012 | 74.80 | 0.005 | 0.035 | 0.030 |
16-07 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.029 | 0.035 | 0.019 | 0.021 | 0.011 | 51.58 | 0.010 | 0.035 | 0.025 |
19-01 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.043 | 0.055 | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.020 | 74.90 | 0.011 | 0.055 | 0.044 |
13-06 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.030 | 0.050 | 0.027 | 0.025 | 0.017 | 67.92 | 0.006 | 0.050 | 0.044 |
Mean | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.028 | 0.043 | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 65.57 | 0.008 | 0.043 | 0.035 |
Clones | Increment of Stem Volume/m3 | Mean/m3 | Standard Deviation/m3 | Variable Coefficient/% | Minimum/m3 | Maximum/m3 | Range/m3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009–2010 | 2010–2011 | 2011–2012 | 2012–2013 | 2013–2014 | |||||||
1 | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.008 | 0.026 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 62.02 | 0.005 | 0.026 | 0.022 |
7 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 34.16 | 0.007 | 0.019 | 0.012 |
15 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.041 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 76.14 | 0.006 | 0.041 | 0.035 |
26 | 0.013 | 0.010 | 0.029 | 0.019 | 0.028 | 0.020 | 0.009 | 42.84 | 0.010 | 0.029 | 0.019 |
31 | 0.013 | 0.007 | 0.018 | 0.012 | 0.024 | 0.015 | 0.007 | 44.95 | 0.007 | 0.024 | 0.017 |
38 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.021 | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.014 | 0.006 | 41.95 | 0.007 | 0.021 | 0.013 |
43 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.026 | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.018 | 0.008 | 45.35 | 0.010 | 0.027 | 0.017 |
48 | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.021 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.019 | 0.009 | 47.77 | 0.009 | 0.029 | 0.020 |
52 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.005 | 30.82 | 0.010 | 0.023 | 0.013 |
60 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.008 | 45.16 | 0.008 | 0.025 | 0.017 |
63 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.033 | 0.026 | 0.037 | 0.025 | 0.011 | 43.38 | 0.014 | 0.037 | 0.024 |
74 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.018 | 0.013 | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 28.48 | 0.009 | 0.018 | 0.009 |
77 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.007 | 43.04 | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.014 |
79 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.036 | 0.018 | 0.011 | 57.72 | 0.009 | 0.036 | 0.027 |
110 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.033 | 0.003 | 0.014 | 0.012 | 85.69 | 0.003 | 0.033 | 0.030 |
111 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.025 | 0.026 | 0.029 | 0.020 | 0.011 | 52.24 | 0.004 | 0.029 | 0.026 |
118 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.018 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.007 | 43.94 | 0.007 | 0.021 | 0.014 |
120 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.025 | 0.014 | 0.007 | 47.69 | 0.009 | 0.025 | 0.016 |
128 | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.026 | 0.028 | 0.032 | 0.022 | 0.010 | 43.47 | 0.010 | 0.032 | 0.023 |
137 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.026 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 56.43 | 0.005 | 0.026 | 0.022 |
Mean | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.025 | 0.017 | 0.008 | 48.66 | 0.008 | 0.027 | 0.019 |
Species | Clones | Height/m | DBH/cm | Stem Volume/m3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. bungei | 22-03 | 8.10 | 12.01 | 0.1647 |
mean | 8.10 | 12.01 | 0.1647 | |
Population mean | 7.64 | 10.04 | 0.1157 | |
Genetic gain | 3.81% | 14.32% | 31.55% | |
C. fargesii f. duclouxii | 63 | 7.49 | 11.16 | 0.132 |
128 | 7.28 | 10.28 | 0.1157 | |
mean | 7.39 | 10.72 | 0.1239 | |
Population mean | 6.94 | 9.15 | 0.0898 | |
Genetic gain | 0.57% | 11.13% | 22.67% |
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**ao, Y.; Ma, W.; Lu, N.; Wang, Z.; Wang, N.; Zhai, W.; Kong, L.; Qu, G.; Wang, Q.; Wang, J. Genetic Variation of Growth Traits and Genotype-by-Environment Interactions in Clones of Catalpa bungei and Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii. Forests 2019, 10, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010057
**ao Y, Ma W, Lu N, Wang Z, Wang N, Zhai W, Kong L, Qu G, Wang Q, Wang J. Genetic Variation of Growth Traits and Genotype-by-Environment Interactions in Clones of Catalpa bungei and Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii. Forests. 2019; 10(1):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010057
Chicago/Turabian Style**ao, Yao, Wenjun Ma, Nan Lu, Zhi Wang, Nan Wang, Wenji Zhai, Lisheng Kong, Guanzheng Qu, Qiuxia Wang, and Junhui Wang. 2019. "Genetic Variation of Growth Traits and Genotype-by-Environment Interactions in Clones of Catalpa bungei and Catalpa fargesii f. duclouxii" Forests 10, no. 1: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010057