Cost–Benefit Evaluation of Walnut and Jujube Orchards under Fruit Tree–Crop Intercrop** Conditions in Southern **njiang
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source
2.2.1. Remote Sensing Images
2.2.2. Auxiliary Data
2.2.3. Field Data
2.3. Methods and Validation
2.3.1. Overall Technical Scheme
2.3.2. Satellite Image Preparation
2.3.3. Extraction of Walnut and Jujube Orchards
2.3.4. Accuracy Evaluation
2.3.5. Economic Benefit Analysis Method
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Change in Walnut and Jujube Orchards in the Hotan Oasis from 2003 to 2020
3.2. Spatial Distribution of Standardized Cultivation in Orchards
3.3. Economic Benefit Evaluation of Walnut and Jujube Orchards
3.3.1. Economic Benefit Evaluation of Walnut Orchards
3.3.2. Economic Benefit Evaluation of Jujube Orchards
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison of the Accuracy of the Fruit Extraction Results
4.2. Changes in the Production and Income of Walnut and Jujube Orchards in the Hotan Oasis over the Past 20 Years
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Type of Remote Sensing Data | Satellite/Sensor | Spatial Resolution (m) | Acquisition Time | Amount |
---|---|---|---|---|
High-resolution data | WorldView-2 | 0.5 | June–September 2003 | 42 |
Multi-temporal data | Landsat 5 TM | 30 | March–October 2003 | 82 |
High-resolution data | GF-2 PMS | 1 | July–September 2020 | 35 |
Multi-temporal data | Sentinel-2 MSI | 10 | March–October 2020 | 44 |
Names | Period | Region | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Area of walnut/jujube orchards | 2003–2020 | Hotan city, Hotan County, Moyu County, and Luopu County | Hotan Statistical Yearbook |
Walnut/jujube yield | 2003–2020 | ||
Output value of walnut/jujube cultivation | 2003–2020 | ||
Total output value of fruits | 2003–2020 | ||
Total agricultural output value | 2003–2020 | ||
Per capita net income of farmers | 2003–2020 | Hotan Yearbook | |
Area of standardized cultivation in orchards | 2003–2020 | Hotan Prefecture | Hotan Yearbook and Hotan Statistical Yearbook |
Purchase price of walnuts/jujubes per kg | 2003–2020 | China, Hotan Prefecture | https://wenku.baidu.com/view/1c0f16db240c844769eaee76.html; http://www.zao7.cn, https://www.chinabgao.com/jiage/hetao/, accessed on 22 October 2022 |
Post-Classification | Reference | Producer Accuracy/% | User Accuracy/% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercrop** Walnut | Jujube | Monocrop** Walnut | |||
Intercrop** walnut | 422 | 0 | 4 | 98.6 | 98.14 |
Jujube | 1 | 263 | 0 | 99 | 97.41 |
Monocrop** walnut | 1 | 0 | 64 | 90.14 | 92.75 |
Overall accuracy: 96.82%; kappa coefficient: 98.55% |
Year | 2003 | 2020 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cost | Type | Traditionally planted walnut orchards | Traditionally planted walnut orchards | Standardized cultivation of walnut orchards | |
Irrigation per ha (CNY) | 1125 | 2400 | 2400 | ||
Chemical fertilizer per ha (CNY) | 975 | 1500 | 3000 | ||
Organic fertilizer per ha (CNY) | 1500 | 2250 | 6750 | ||
Pesticide per ha (CNY) | 150 | 300 | 600 | ||
Labour per ha (CNY) | 1500 | 3000 | 7500 | ||
Machinery per ha (CNY) | 600 | 1050 | 1200 | ||
Total input per ha (CNY) | 5850 | 10,500 | 21,450 | ||
Output value | Walnut | Yield per ha (kg) | 1500 | 3000 | 6000 |
Purchase price per kg (CNY) | 25 | 10 | 12 | ||
Output value per ha (CNY) | 37,500 | 30,000 | 72,000 | ||
Winter wheat | Output value per ha (CNY) | 1200 | 5022 | 5022 | |
Field corn | Output value per ha (CNY) | 900 | 1500 | 1500 | |
Gross output value per ha (CNY) | 39,600 | 36,522 | 78,522 | ||
Net output value per ha (CNY) | 33,750 | 26,022 | 57,072 | ||
Total orchard area (ha) | 18,054.13 | 39,560 | 20,000 | ||
Total walnut production (105 tons) | 0.27 | 1.19 | 1.20 | ||
Total gross output value (CNY 108) | 7.15 | 14.45 | 15.7 | ||
Total net output value (CNY 108) | 6.09 | 10.29 | 11.41 | ||
Output/input ratios (%) | 676.92% | 347.83% | 366.07% |
Year | 2003 | 2020 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cost | Type | Traditionally planted orchards | Traditionally planted orchards | Standardized cultivation orchards | |
Irrigation per ha (CNY) | 900 | 1800 | 1800 | ||
Chemical fertilizer per ha (CNY) | 1200 | 4200 | 7500 | ||
Organic fertilizer per ha (CNY) | 1200 | 4800 | 8400 | ||
Pesticide per ha (CNY) | 750 | 3750 | 3750 | ||
Labour per ha (CNY) | 4500 | 7500 | 12,000 | ||
Machinery per ha (CNY) | 300 | 900 | 900 | ||
Total costs per ha (CNY) | 8850 | 22,950 | 34,350 | ||
Output value | Jujube | Yields per ha (kg) | 600 | 4147.5 | 9000 |
Purchase price per kg (CNY) | 40 | 10 | 12 | ||
Gross output value per ha (CNY) | 24,000 | 41,475 | 108,000 | ||
Net output value per ha (CNY) | 15,150 | 18,525 | 73,650 | ||
Total orchards area (ha) | 1798 | 35,525.73 | 3333.33 | ||
Total jujube yield (105 tons) | 0.01 | 1.47 | 0.3 | ||
Total gross output value (CNY 108) | 0.43 | 14.73 | 3 | ||
Total net output value (CNY 108) | 0.27 | 6.58 | 1.85 | ||
Output/input ratios (%) | 271.19% | 180.72% | 214.41% |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
**, J.; Bai, J.; Bao, A.; Han, H.; Li, J.; Chang, C.; Bao, J. Cost–Benefit Evaluation of Walnut and Jujube Orchards under Fruit Tree–Crop Intercrop** Conditions in Southern **njiang. Forests 2023, 14, 2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112259
** J, Bai J, Bao A, Han H, Li J, Chang C, Bao J. Cost–Benefit Evaluation of Walnut and Jujube Orchards under Fruit Tree–Crop Intercrop** Conditions in Southern **njiang. Forests. 2023; 14(11):2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112259
Chicago/Turabian Style**, **gyu, Jie Bai, Anming Bao, Hongwei Han, Junli Li, Cun Chang, and Jiayu Bao. 2023. "Cost–Benefit Evaluation of Walnut and Jujube Orchards under Fruit Tree–Crop Intercrop** Conditions in Southern **njiang" Forests 14, no. 11: 2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14112259