Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Pools and Their Storage Characteristics under Different Vegetation Restoration Types on the Loess Plateau of Longzhong, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Soil Sampling
2.4. Soil Analysis
2.4.1. Soil Environmental Factors
2.4.2. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Pools
2.4.3. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Storages
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Soil Environmental Factors under Different Vegetation Restoration Types
3.2. Changes in Soil Carbon Pools under Different Vegetation Restoration Types
3.3. Changes in Soil N Pools under Different Vegetation Restoration Types
3.4. Changes in Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Storages and C/N under Different Vegetation Restoration Types
3.5. Relationships between Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Pools and Environmental Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Different Vegetation Restoration Types on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Storages
4.2. Effects of Different Vegetation Restoration Types on Soil Carbon Pools
4.3. Effects of Different Vegetation Restoration Types on Soil Nitrogen Pools
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Vegetation Restoration | Geographical Coordinates | Altitude (m) | Coverage (%) | Main Species | Soil Disturbance History |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stipa bungeana Trin. (SB) | 104°39′1″ E, 35°34′48″ N | 1985 | >90 | Stipa bungeana Trin., Plantago asiatica L., Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvel. | Abandoned at the end of 1990, naturally restored Stipa bungeana Trin. grassland. |
Caragana korshinskii Kom. (CK) | 104°38′1″ E, 35°34′55″ N | 1980 | 30 | Caragana korshinskii Kom, Potentilla chinensis Ser., Picris hieracioides L. | Felled and planted until the 1990s; it was abandoned at the end of 2000 and naturally restored to a shrub community. |
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. (XS) | 104°39′11″ E, 35°34′45″ N | 2010 | 60 | Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge., Bupleurum chinense DC., Gentiana macrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii (Regel et Winkl.) Ma et K.C.Hsia., Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauv. | Cleared by deforestation until the 1990s; the forest was restored by artificial planting in 2002. |
Picea asperata Mast. (PA) | 104°38′51″ E, 35°34′51″ N | 1990 | 60 | Picea asperata Mast., Stipa bungeana Trin., Leymus secalinus (Georgi) Tzvel. | Picea asperata Mast. with a tree age of 10 years was transplanted in 2005 and naturally restored to the Picea asperata Mast. forest. |
Type of Vegetation Restoration | pH | BD (g·cm−3) | FWHC (g·kg−1) | STP (%) | SOC (g·kg−1) | TN (g·kg−1) | TP (mg·kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SB | 7.88 ± 0.01 A | 1.10 ± 0.04 BC | 576.26 ± 23.83 AB | 67.62 ± 1.09 AB | 8.51 ± 0.90 A | 0.43 ± 0.02 AB | 65.67 ± 2.66 C |
CK | 7.84 ± 0.01 A | 1.02 ± 0.03 C | 650.30 ± 34.98 A | 70.03 ± 1.41 A | 8.17 ± 0.86 A | 0.39 ± 0.02 B | 95.00 ± 10.22 BC |
XS | 7.38 ± 0.09 C | 1.13 ± 0.04 AB | 535.23 ± 36.69 BC | 64.32 ± 1.82 BC | 10.68 ± 1.18 A | 0.52 ± 0.06 A | 113.33 ± 6.79 AB |
PA | 7.57 ± 0.02 B | 1.22 ± 0.03 A | 467.20 ± 28.86 C | 61.18 ± 1.98 C | 9.83 ± 0.36 A | 0.52 ± 0.03 A | 144.89 ± 21.13 A |
Soil Layer (cm) | Vegetation Restoration Types | SWC (%) | TP (mg·kg−1) | Sucrase (mg·g−1) | Amylase (mg·g−1) | Urease (mg·g−1) | Protease (μg·g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–10 | SB | 17.10 ± 0.67 BCa | 0.16 ± 0.01 ABa | 401.68 ± 5.91 Ca | 45.09 ± 0.18 Ba | 67.26 ± 0.69 Aa | 208.58 ± 5.87 Ba |
CK | 15.63 ± 0.70 Ca | 0.14 ± 0.12 Ba | 279.59 ± 7.95 Da | 47.53 ± 0.36 ABa | 56.89 ± 0.13 Ca | 152.38 ± 2.52 Ca | |
XS | 19.40 ± 0.06 Aa | 0.21 ± 0.02 Aa | 545.83 ± 2.65 Aa | 48.83 ± 1.08 ABa | 61.88 ± 2.66 Ba | 236.71 ± 0.92 Aa | |
PA | 18.43 ± 0.38 ABa | 0.16 ± 0.01 ABa | 519.81 ± 2.45 Ba | 50.66 ± 2.62 Aa | 60.89 ± 0.73 BCa | 213.74 ± 7.38 Ba | |
10–20 | SB | 15.43 ± 0.66 Bab | 0.12 ± 0.00 Ba | 277.99 ± 7.45 Cb | 30.68 ± 0.81 Bb | 37.53 ± 2.19 Bb | 115.61 ± 4.39 Ab |
CK | 12.77 ± 0.73 Cb | 0.14 ± 0.00 Aa | 225.01 ± 6.67 Db | 34.97 ± 0.24 Ab | 35.53 ± 2.21 Bb | 103.46 ± 16.18 Ab | |
XS | 18.77 ± 0.12 Ab | 0.12 ± 0.01 Bb | 425.26 ± 2.11 Ab | 36.14 ± 0.12 Ab | 48.66 ± 1.50 Ab | 113.46 ± 4.59 Ab | |
PA | 17.57 ± 0.26 Aab | 0.15 ± 0.00 Aa | 401.83 ± 9.69 Bb | 35.79 ± 0.74 Ab | 44.03 ± 00.61 Ab | 129.06 ± 1.21 Ab | |
20–40 | SB | 14.40 ± 0.64 Bb | 0.14 ± 0.02 Aa | 124.77 ± 5.82 Bc | 22.31 ± 0.18 Bc | 21.20 ± 0.66 Cc | 54.96 ± 1.64 Cc |
CK | 9.07 ± 0.61 Cc | 0.09 ± 0.00 Ba | 136.00 ± 4.77 Bc | 24.63 ± 0.94 ABc | 18.94 ± 0.60 Dc | 56.16 ± 1.11 Cc | |
XS | 17.37 ± 0.12 Ac | 0.14 ± 0.01 Ab | 280.23 ± 1.01 Ac | 28.34 ± 1.21 Ac | 37.54 ± 0.52 Ac | 61.85 ± 0.98 Bc | |
PA | 16.90 ± 0.35 Ab | 0.16 ± 0.01 Aa | 292.34 ± 4.91 Ac | 27.31 ± 2.01 Ac | 35.31 ± 0.71 Bc | 87.58 ± 0.79 Ac |
Soil Layer/cm | SB | CK | XS | PA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CS/t·ha−1 | 0–10 | 10.52 ± 0.17 Cb | 10.40 ± 0.09 Ca | 12.76 ± 0.42 Bb | 16.08 ± 0.26 Ab |
10–20 | 9.13 ± 0.44 Bc | 7.42 ± 0.34 Cb | 11.85 ± 0.06 Ab | 12.71 ± 0.52 Ac | |
20–40 | 12.32 ± 0.17 Ba | 10.39 ± 0.26 Ca | 20.90 ± 0.19 Aa | 20.28 ± 0.98 Aa | |
0–40 | 31.97 ± 0.34 C | 28.21 ± 0.48 D | 45.51 ± 0.47 B | 49.06 ± 1.48 A | |
NS/t·ha−1 | 0–10 | 0.48 ± 0.01 Ba | 0.50 ± 0.01 Ba | 0.53 ± 0.02 ABb | 0.56 ± 0.02 Ab |
10–20 | 0.44 ± 0.03 Aa | 0.36 ± 0.00 Bb | 0.44 ± 0.02 Ac | 0.43 ± 0.02 Ac | |
20–40 | 0.46 ± 0.04 Ba | 0.48 ± 0.01 Ba | 0.73 ± 0.01 Aa | 0.79 ± 0.03 Aa | |
0–40 | 1.38 ± 0.02 B | 1.34 ± 0.02 B | 1.71 ± 0.05 A | 1.78 ± 0.03 A | |
C/N | 0–10 | 22.07 ± 0.35 BCab | 20.84 ± 0.43 Ca | 23.95 ± 0.19 Bb | 28.72 ± 1.37 Aa |
10–20 | 20.75 ± 0.47 Bb | 20.63 ± 0.84 Ba | 27.10 ± 1.45 Aa | 29.36 ± 0.16 Aa | |
20–40 | 27.28 ± 3.01 Aa | 21.85 ± 0.84 Ba | 28.50 ± 0.45 Aa | 25.76 ± 0.37 ABb | |
0–40 | 23.37 ± 1.33 B | 21.11 ± 0.41 B | 26.52 ± 0.80 A | 27.94 ± 0.69 A |
C/N | RDA Test Results | Factors | Explains (%) | Contribution (%) | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Environmental factors | Sucrase | 73.6 | 76.6 | 94.9 | 0.002 |
Amylase | 17.0 | 17.7 | 59.7 | 0.002 | ||
SWC | 2.9 | 3.0 | 14.2 | 0.002 | ||
STP | 1.0 | 1.0 | 5.6 | 0.012 | ||
FWHC | 0.6 | 0.7 | 3.9 | 0.022 | ||
RDA twin axis | Axis 1 | 77.48 | - | - | - | |
Axis 2 | 18.49 | - | - | - | ||
N | Environmental factors | Protease | 89.7 | 92.3 | 297 | 0.002 |
Amylase | 2.5 | 2.5 | 10.4 | 0.002 | ||
STP | 2.0 | 2.1 | 11.3 | 0.004 | ||
Urease | 1.5 | 1.5 | 10.7 | 0.006 | ||
BD | 0.7 | 0.7 | 5.6 | 0.016 | ||
RDA twin axis | Axis 1 | 96.74 | - | - | - | |
Axis 2 | 0.39 | - | - | - |
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**e, M.; Yuan, J.; Liu, S.; Xu, G.; Lu, Y.; Yan, L.; Li, G. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Pools and Their Storage Characteristics under Different Vegetation Restoration Types on the Loess Plateau of Longzhong, China. Forests 2024, 15, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010173
**e M, Yuan J, Liu S, Xu G, Lu Y, Yan L, Li G. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Pools and Their Storage Characteristics under Different Vegetation Restoration Types on the Loess Plateau of Longzhong, China. Forests. 2024; 15(1):173. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010173
Chicago/Turabian Style**e, Mingjun, Jianyu Yuan, Shuainan Liu, Guorong Xu, Yanhua Lu, Lijuan Yan, and Guang Li. 2024. "Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Pools and Their Storage Characteristics under Different Vegetation Restoration Types on the Loess Plateau of Longzhong, China" Forests 15, no. 1: 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010173