Effects of Payments for Ecosystem Services and Livelihoods on Non-Grain Agricultural Land Use
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- CBD. Convention on Biological Diversity (2020) CBD/WG2020/2/3 CBD Zero Draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Published Online February 2020. UNEP/CBD. Available online: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/efb0/1f84/a892b98d2982a829962b6371/wg2020-02-03-en.pdf (accessed on 8 January 2021).
- UN. United Nations (2015) Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Published Online 2015. Available online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/publication (accessed on 8 January 2021).
- Daily, G.C.; Polasky, S.; Goldstein, J.; Kareiva, P.M.; Mooney, H.A.; Pejchar, L.; Ricketts, T.H.; Salzman, J.; Shallenberger, R. Ecosystem services in decision making: Time to deliver. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2009, 7, 21–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyfroidt, P. Trade-offs between environment and livelihoods: Bridging the global land use and food security discussions. Glob. Food Secur. 2018, 16, 9–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.; Qian, K.; Lin, L.; Wang, K.; Guan, T.; Gan, M. Identifying the driving forces of non-grain production expansion in rural China and its implications for policies on cultivated land protection. Land Use Policy 2020, 92, 104435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, X.; Tao, Y.; Huang, C.; Yi, J.; Yi, D.; Wang, F.; Tao, Q.; ** Land Conversion Program. World Dev. 2013, 48, 156–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rastetter, E.B.; Ohman, M.D.; Elliott, K.J.; Rehage, J.S.; Rivera-Monroy, V.H.; Boucek, R.E.; Castañeda-Moya, E.; Danielson, T.M.; Gough, L.; Groffman, P.M.; et al. Time lags: Insights from the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research Network. Ecosphere 2021, 12, e03431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gollin, D.; Rogerson, R. Productivity, transport costs and subsistence agriculture. J. Dev. Econ. 2014, 107, 38–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vinogradovs, I.; Nikodemus, O.; Elferts, D.; Brūmelis, G. Assessment of site-specific drivers of farmland abandonment in mosaic-type landscapes: A case study in Vidzeme, Latvia. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2018, 253, 113–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuang, F.; **, J.; He, R.; Wan, X.; Ning, J. Influence of livelihood capital on adaptation strategies: Evidence from rural households in Wushen Banner, China. Land Use Policy 2019, 89, 104228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Bilsborrow, R.; Tao, S.; Chen, X.; Sullivan-Wiley, K.; Huang, Q.; Li, J.; Song, C. Effects of payments for ecosystem services programs in China on rural household labor allocation and land use: Identifying complex pathways. Land Use Policy 2020, 99, 105024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khatri, N.D.; Paudel, D.; Bhusal, P.; Ghimire, S.; Bhandari, B. Determinants of farmers’ decisions to adopt agroforestry practices: Insights from the Mid-hills of Western Nepal. Agrofor. Syst. 2023, 97, 833–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paudel, B.; Wu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Rai, R.; Liu, L.; Zhang, B.; Khanal, N.R.; Koirala, H.L.; Nepal, P. Farmland abandonment and its determinants in the different ecological villages of the Koshi river basin, central Himalayas: Synergy of high-resolution remote sensing and social surveys. Environ. Res. 2020, 188, 109711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, J.; Feldman, M.W.; Li, S.; Daily, G.C. Rural household income and inequality under the Slo** Land Conversion Program in western China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 7721–7726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johny, J.; Wichmann, B.; Swallow, B.M. Characterizing social networks and their effects on income diversification in rural Kerala, India. World Dev. 2017, 94, 375–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemaire, G.; Franzluebbers, A.; Carvalho, P.C.d.F.; Dedieu, B. Integrated crop–livestock systems: Strategies to achieve synergy between agricultural production and environmental quality. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2014, 190, 4–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uchida, E.; Xu, J.; Scott, R. Grain for Green: Cost-Effectiveness and Sustainability of China’s Conservation Set-Aside Program. Land Econ. 2005, 81, 247–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration. Twenty Years of Returning Farmland to Forest and Grass in China (1999–2019); NFGA: Bei**g, China, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- SFA; MOF. Notice of the Two Departments on Printing and Distributing the Measures for the Definition of Zoning of National Ecological Welfare Forest and the Measures for the Management of National Ecological Welfare Forest. Available online: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-05/08/content_5191672.htm (accessed on 8 May 2023).
- Shi, H. Research on Land Use Optimization of Qinling Mountain Based on Resource and Environment Carrying Capacity-Taking Four Towns in Zhouzhi County as an Example; Northwest University: ** land conversion program: Institutional innovation or business as usual? Ecol. Econ. 2008, 65, 699–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Zhang, Q.; Peterson, M.N.; Song, C. Feedback effect of crop raiding in payments for ecosystem services. Ambio 2019, 48, 732–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Number of Plantation Households | Proportion of Plantation Households to Total Households Surveyed (%) | |
---|---|---|
Cornus | 96 | 34.9 |
Chinese medicinal herbs | 21 | 7.6 |
Nursery trees | 13 | 4.7 |
Other economic trees | 13 | 4.7 |
Variables | NGCC Planting | Farmland Abandonment | VIF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | p-Value > |z| | Odds Ratio | p-Value > |z| | ||
Household level | |||||
GTGP area | 0.993 | 0.104 | 0.926 | 0.020 ** | 1.300 |
EWFP subsidy | 0.997 | 0.765 | 0.850 | 0.020 ** | 1.280 |
Livestock breeding | 0.549 | 0.071 * | 0.285 | 0.308 | 1.170 |
Tourism business | 0.543 | 0.135 | 1.279 | 0.868 | 1.370 |
Labor migration | 1.827 | 0.029 ** | 1.731 | 0.592 | 1.180 |
Local non-farm employment | 1.691 | 0.060 * | 8.785 | 0.068 * | 1.220 |
Number of farm labors | 1.003 | 0.983 | 0.868 | 0.806 | 1.210 |
Farmland area | 0.992 | 0.001 *** | 0.975 | 0.057 * | 1.340 |
Mechanization | 1.077 | 0.784 | 3.597 | 0.294 | 1.240 |
Age of household head | 0.989 | 0.285 | 1.036 | 0.294 | 1.190 |
Education of household head | 0.978 | 0.554 | 0.962 | 0.791 | 1.200 |
Parcel level | |||||
Parcel area | 1.071 | 0.000 *** | 1.134 | 0.000 *** | 1.270 |
Elevation | 1.010 | 0.167 | 1.049 | 0.058 ** | 1.780 |
Slope | 1.014 | 0.112 | 1.041 | 0.105 | 1.180 |
Distance to house | 1.091 | 0.020 ** | 1.368 | 0.007 *** | 1.240 |
Distance to road | 0.992 | 0.554 | 1.072 | 0.185 | 1.230 |
Distance to forest edge | 0.801 | 0.003 ** | 0.625 | 0.075 * | 1.400 |
Constant | 0.312 | 0.322 | 0.000 | 0.013 | - |
Likelihood-ratio | −324.040 | ||||
Wald chi-square | 76.770 *** |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, H.; Niu, J.; Chen, X. Effects of Payments for Ecosystem Services and Livelihoods on Non-Grain Agricultural Land Use. Forests 2024, 15, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030521
Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yang H, Niu J, Chen X. Effects of Payments for Ecosystem Services and Livelihoods on Non-Grain Agricultural Land Use. Forests. 2024; 15(3):521. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030521
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yujun, Yan Zhang, Hongbo Yang, Jiamei Niu, and **aodong Chen. 2024. "Effects of Payments for Ecosystem Services and Livelihoods on Non-Grain Agricultural Land Use" Forests 15, no. 3: 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030521