Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Homology Analysis
2.3. Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. COVID-19 and SARS—the Initial Events
3.2. Clinical Symptoms
3.3. Virus Incubation
3.4. Susceptible Populations
3.5. Animal Reservoirs
3.6. Regional Distribution
3.7. Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment
3.7.1. Prevention
3.7.2. Diagnosis
3.7.3. Treatment
3.8. Genomic Comparison
3.9. Proteomic Comparison
3.10. Pathogenic Mechanisms
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | SARS | COVID-19 |
---|---|---|
First occurrence | Nov. 16th, 2002 in Foshan, Guangdong | Dec. 07th, 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei |
Pathogen | SARS-CoV | SARS-CoV-2 |
Intermediate host | Paguma larvata | Pangolin, Mink (Possible) |
Definitive host | Rhinolophus sinicus | Rhinolophus affinis (Possible) |
Virus type | RNA virus | RNA virus |
Species pathogen | β-coronavirus | β-coronavirus |
Total DNA sequence length of pathogen | 29,751 | 29,903 |
Latency | 1–4 days on average | 3–7 days on average |
Susceptible people | Young adults | People who have not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 |
Male–female patient ratio | 1:1.25 | 2.70:1 |
Mortality | 9.60% | 2.10% |
Clinical symptoms | Fever, cough, myalgia, dyspnea, and diarrhea | Fever, fatigue, and dry cough |
Propagation mode | Droplets or close contacts | Droplets or close contacts |
Major regional distribution | Bei**g, Guangdong, Shanxi in China | Hubei, especially Wuhan in China |
Diagnostic methods | RT-PCR, rRT-PCR, RT-LAMP, rRT-LAMP, Coronavirus detection kit | RT-PCR, rRT-PCR, RT-LAMP, rRT-LAMP, Coronavirus detection kit |
Treatment | Glucocorticoid and interferon | Lopinavir/ritonavir (in testing) |
SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein Name | Accession Number | Putative Function/Domain | Accession Number | Query Cover * | Percent Identity | |
1 | nsp2 | YP_009725298.1 | nonstructural polyprotein pp1a | ABF65834.1 | 100% | 68.34% |
2 | nsp3 | YP_009725299.1 | polyprotein orf1a | AFR58698.1 | 100% | 75.82% |
3 | nsp4 | YP_009725300.1 | polyprotein 1a | ARO76381.1 | 100% | 80.80% |
4 | nsp6 | YP_009725302.1 | nsp6-pp1a/pp1ab (TM3) | NP_828864.1 | 98% | 88.15% |
5 | nsp7 | YP_009725303.1 | Chain A, Replicase Polyprotein 1ab, Light Chain | 2AHM_A | 100% | 98.80% |
6 | nsp8 | YP_009725304.1 | Chain E, Replicase Polyprotein 1ab, Heavy Chain | 2AHM_E | 100% | 97.47% |
7 | nsp9 | YP_009725305.1 | nsp9-pp1a/pp1ab | NP_828867.1 | 100% | 97.35% |
8 | nsp10 | YP_009725306.1 | Chain A, Non-structural Protein 10 | 5C8S_A | 100% | 97.12% |
9 | nsp11 | YP_009725312.1 | nsp11-pp1a | NP_904321.1 | 100% | 84.62% |
10 | orf1a polyprotein | YP_009725295.1 | orf1a polyprotein (pp1a) | NP_828850.1 | 100% | 80.58% |
11 | orf1ab polyprotein | YP_009724389.1 | orf1ab polyprotein (pp1ab) | NP_828849.2 | 100% | 86.26% |
12 | orf3a protein | YP_009724391.1 | hypothetical protein sars3a | NP_828852.2 | 100% | 72.04% |
13 | orf6 protein | YP_009724394.1 | hypothetical protein sars6 | NP_828856.1 | 100% | 68.85% |
14 | orf7a protein | YP_009724395.1 | protein 8 | ARO76387.1 | 100% | 87.70% |
15 | orf7b protein | YP_009725296.1 | hypothetical protein sars7b | NP_849175.1 | 95% | 85.37% |
16 | orf8 protein | YP_009724396.1 | - | - | - | - |
17 | orf10 protein | YP_009725255.1 | - | - | - | - |
18 | 2’-O-ribose methyltransferase | YP_009725311.1 | nsp16-pp1ab (2’-o-MT) | NP_828873.2 | 99% | 93.60% |
19 | 3C-like proteinase | YP_009725301.1 | polyprotein 1a | ARO76381.1 | 100% | 96.08% |
20 | 3’-to-5’ exonuclease | YP_009725309.1 | nsp14-pp1ab (nuclease ExoN homolog) | NP_828871.1 | 100% | 95.07% |
21 | endoRNAse | YP_009725310.1 | nsp15-pp1ab (endoRNAse) | NP_828872.1 | 100% | 88.73% |
22 | envelope protein | YP_009724392.1 | E protein | APO40581.1 | 100% | 94.74% |
23 | helicase | YP_009725308.1 | nsp13-pp1ab (ZD, NTPase/HEL) | NP_828870.1 | 100% | 99.83% |
24 | leader protein | YP_009725297.1 | nsp1-pp1a/pp1ab | NP_828860.2 | 100% | 84.44% |
25 | membrane glycoprotein | YP_009724393.1 | matrix protein | NP_828855.1 | 100% | 90.54% |
26 | nucleocapsid phosphoprotein | YP_009724397.2 | nucleocapsid protein | ARO76389.1 | 100% | 90.52% |
27 | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase | YP_009725307.1 | nsp12-pp1ab (RdRp) | NP_828869.1 | 100% | 96.35% |
28 | surface glycoprotein | YP_009724390.1 | spike glycoprotein | ABD72985.1 | 100% | 76.42% |
What is the effect of the surface epitope and receptor binding domain of S protein of SARS-CoV-2 on the virus’ infectivity? |
Is there any effect of SARS-CoV vaccine designed according to S protein on SARS-CoV-2? |
Does SARS-CoV-2 orf8 and orf10 proteins, which have no homology proteins in SARS-CoV, play roles in the infectivity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2? |
Can the susceptibility of asymptomatic carriers be judged by detecting the serum reactivity level of N protein? |
Apart from droplet transmission and contact transmission, are there other methods to transmit SARS-CoV-2? |
What is the percentage of COVID-19 patients have been infected with SARS and produced antibodies? |
Is there an effective specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 solution? |
Does traditional Chinese medicine have any effect on the treatment of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2? |
Do ethnic differences affect the transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2? |
Do any environmental factors, such as regional conditions or climate, affect SARS-CoV-2 transmission? |
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Xu, J.; Zhao, S.; Teng, T.; Abdalla, A.E.; Zhu, W.; **e, L.; Wang, Y.; Guo, X. Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses 2020, 12, 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020244
Xu J, Zhao S, Teng T, Abdalla AE, Zhu W, **e L, Wang Y, Guo X. Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses. 2020; 12(2):244. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020244
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Jiabao, Shizhe Zhao, Tieshan Teng, Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla, Wan Zhu, Longxiang **e, Yunlong Wang, and **angqian Guo. 2020. "Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV" Viruses 12, no. 2: 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020244