Spatially Specific Liposomal Cancer Therapy Triggered by Clinical External Sources of Energy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Spatially Specific Liposomal Cancer Therapy Utilizing Medical Devices as Triggering Mechanism
2. Ultrasound
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Mechanism of Release
2.2.1. Thermally Induced Release
2.2.2. Mechanically Induced Release
2.3. Formulation Factors
2.3.1. US Device Factors
2.3.2. Liposomal Factors
2.4. Future Perspectives
3. Magnetism for Triggered Drug Release
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Delivery Using Heating and Mechanical Motion
3.3. Mechanisms of Release
3.4. Formulation Factors
3.5. Future Perspectives
4. X-ray Radiation
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Formulation Factors
4.2.1. Radiation Type and Energy
4.2.2. Gold Nanoparticle Size and Concentration
4.3. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | (DMPC) |
1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphodiglycerol | (DPPG2) |
1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine | (DPPC) |
1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine | (DSPC) |
1-myristoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | (MPPC) |
Alternating magnetic field | (AMF) |
Amplitude | (Amp) |
Blood brain barrier | (BBB) |
Bovine serum albumin | (BSA) |
Bubble resonant radius | (BRR) |
Center frequency | (Fc) |
Cisplatin | (CPT) |
Continuous wave | (CW) |
Diheptanoylphosphatidyl-choline | (DHPC) |
Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine | (DOPE) |
Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine | (DSPE) |
Dose enhancement factor | (DEF) |
Dynamic magnetic field | (DMF) |
Enhanced permeability and retention | (EPR) |
Egg phosphocholine | (egg PC) |
Focused ultrasound | (FUS) |
Frequency | (f) |
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound | (HIFU) |
Hydroxyterephthalic acid | (HTA) |
Iron oxide particles | (IOPs) |
Kilovoltage | (KV) |
l-α-phosphatidylcholine | (HSPC) |
Low frequency US | (LFUS) |
Magnetic fields | (MF) |
Magnetic nanoparticles | (MNPs) |
Magnetic particles | (MPs) |
Magnetic resonance imaging | (MRI) |
Malondialdehyde | (MDA) |
Mechanical index | (MI) |
Megavoltage | (MV) |
Methotrexate | (MTX) |
Methylpredinisolone hemisuccinate | (MPS) |
Microbubbles | (MBs) |
Not specified | (NS) |
Peak negative pressure | (PnP) |
Perfluorocarbon | (PFC) |
Polyethylene glycol | (PEG) |
Pulse duration | (PD) |
Pulse repetition frequency | (PFR) |
Radiation | (RT) |
Radiation forces | (RTFs) |
Reactive oxygen | (ROS) |
Specific absorption rate | (SAR) |
Temperature sensitive liposomes | (TSLs) |
Total acoustic power | (TAT) |
Ultrasound | (US) |
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Treatment Parameters | Thermal | Stable Cavitation | Inertial Cavitation |
---|---|---|---|
Acoustic Amplitude | High to Moderate (several W/cm2) [5,78] | Low to Moderate (a few hundred mW/cm2 or less) [78] | Low to Moderate (a few hundred mW/cm2 or less) [78] |
Acoustic Frequency | Moderate frequencies (0.5–1.5 MHz) [5] | Low to Moderate Frequencies (1 MHz or less) [51,78] | Low to Moderate Frequencies (1 MHz or less) [51,78] |
Duty Factor | High duty cycles (up to 100%) [5] | Low duty cycles (as low as 1%) [51,78] | Low duty cycles (as low as 1%) [51,78] |
Pressure | Moderate Pressure (100’s of kPa to MPa) [5] | Low Pressure (below 500 kPa) [79] | Moderate Pressure (above 500 kPa) [79] |
Treatment Time | Long treatment times (minutes to hours) [5] | Short treatment times (a few minutes or below) [51] | Short treatment times (a few minutes or below) [51] |
Delivery System | Release Type | Animal/Tumor Model | Dosing | Parameters: f, Duration, Amp, Pulse f | Outcome | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ThermoDox® | Thermal | Murine mammary adenocarcinoma; BALB/c | 2 mg/kg single injection | Prf of 1 Hz for a total of 1 MHz; 15–20 min; 1300 W/cm2; 120 pulses 10% duty cycle | * Tumor volume reduction | [114] |
Prohance® & dox-loaded TTSL | Thermal | Rat subcutaneous 9 L gliosarcoma; 344 | 5 mg/kg single injection | 1.4 MHz; 2 × 15 min; 117 W/cm2; cw | * Dox accumulation in the tumor | [115] |
Prohance® & dox-loaded iLTSL | Thermal | Rabbit/VX2 tumor | 5 mg/kg single injection | 1.2 MHz; 4 × 10 min; ns; ns | ns | [116] |
ThermoDox® | Thermal | Rabbit/VX2 tumor | 5 mg/kg single injection | ns; 3 × 10 min; ns; ns MR-HIFU clinical system, parameters ns | * Dox accumulation in the tumor | [117] |
StealthTM cisplatin | Mechanical | Murine lymphoma (J6456); BALB/c | 15 mg/kg single injection | 20 kHz; 120 s; 5.9 W/cm2; cw | * Tumor volume reduction | [118] |
DVDMS liposomes conjugated to MBs | Mechanical | Murine breast cancer (4T1); BALB/c | 4.0, 2.0, or 0.4 μg/single injection | 1.0 MHz; 3 min; TAT 3 W; 30% duty cycle | * Tumor volume reduction | [119] |
Caelyx® | Mechanical | Murine prostate cancer (CWR22); BALB/c | 3.5 mg/kg single injection | 40 kHz; 4 min; 12 W/cm2; ns | Tumor volume reduction | [120] |
DEPC-based Dox-loaded liposomes | Mechanical | Murine prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3); BALB/c | Not specified | Prf of 250 Hz for a total of 300 kHz or 1 MHz; 10 min; ns; 5% duty cycle | * Dox accumulation in the tumor | [53] |
Doxil® | Mechanical and permeabilization | Rat 9 L gliosarcoma; Sprague-Dawley | 5.67 mg/kg single injection | Prf of 1 Hz for a total of 1.7 MHz; pressure 1.2 MPa, burst length: 10 ms, duration: 60–120 s | * Tumor regression and long-term survival | [21] |
Doxil® | Mechanical and permeabilization | Rat 9 L gliosarcoma; Sprague-Dawley | 5.67 mg/kg single injection | 690 kHz; pressures amp 0.55–0.81 MPa; burst length: 10 ms; prf: 1 Hz; duration: 60 | * Tumor regression and long-term survival | [121] |
ThermoDox® | Thermal | Phase I DIGNITY Clinical Trial; Breast Cancer | 20 mg/m2–50 mg/m2, up to 6 doses, 21 days apart | ns; 1 h; ns; ns | Safe to move onto Phase II Clinical Trial | [111] |
ThermoDox® | Thermal | Phase II DIGNITY Clinical Trial; Breast Cancer | 40 mg/m2–50 mg/m2, up to 6 doses, 21 days apart | ns; 1 h; ns; ns | Expansion of Phase II Clinical Trial | [122] |
ThermoDox® | Thermal | Phase I TARDOX Clinical Trial; Liver Metastases | 50 mg/m2, up to 6 doses, 21 days apart | 0.96 MHz; 33.2–80.0 min | Safe to move onto Phase II Clinical Trial | [112,113] |
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van Ballegooie, C.; Man, A.; Win, M.; Yapp, D.T. Spatially Specific Liposomal Cancer Therapy Triggered by Clinical External Sources of Energy. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030125
van Ballegooie C, Man A, Win M, Yapp DT. Spatially Specific Liposomal Cancer Therapy Triggered by Clinical External Sources of Energy. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(3):125. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030125
Chicago/Turabian Stylevan Ballegooie, Courtney, Alice Man, Mi Win, and Donald T. Yapp. 2019. "Spatially Specific Liposomal Cancer Therapy Triggered by Clinical External Sources of Energy" Pharmaceutics 11, no. 3: 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030125