Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis
2.1. The Angiogenic Process
2.2. Molecular Mechanisms of Angiogenesis
2.3. Role of Angiogenesis in Urologic Cancers
3. Antiangiogenic Therapies of Cancer
3.1. Use of Inhibitors of Angiogenesis in Cancer
3.2. Angioprevention
4. Dietary Phytochemicals in Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers
4.1. Vegetables
4.1.1. Cruciferous Vegetables
4.1.2. Soy
4.2. Fruits
4.2.1. Tomato
4.2.2. Pomegranate
4.2.3. Grapes
4.2.4. Olives
4.2.5. Other Fruits
4.3. Beverages
4.3.1. Tea
4.3.2. Coffee
4.4. Herbs and Spices
5. Conclusions. Limitations, Challenges and Future of the Use of Angiopreventive Strategies in Urologic Cancers
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drug | Type | Malignancies | Molecular Target | Year of First Approval |
---|---|---|---|---|
Axitinib (Inlyta®) | TKI | Advanced RCC | VEGFR1-3, PDGFRβ | 2012 |
Bevacizumab (Avastin®) | Humanized monoclonal antibody | MCRC, NSCLC, OC, MBC, glioblastoma, metastatic RCC, endometrial cancer, mesothelioma and cervical cancers | VEGF | 2004 |
Cabozantinib (Cometriq® and Cabometyx®) | TKI | Refractory advanced RCC, metastatic medullary TC and PNET | VEGFR2, Tie2 | 2012 |
Everolimus (Afinitor®) | TKI | RCC, GIST, lung carcinoma, advanced breast cancer, PNETs and sub-ependymal giant cell astrocytoma | mTOR | 2009 |
Lenalidomide (Revlimid®) | Amino acid | Myeloma (MDS) and mantle cell lymphoma | VEGF, bFGF | 2005 |
Lenvatinib mesylate (Lenvima®) | TKI | TC, HCC and RCC | VEGFR1-3, PDGFRα, FGFR1-4 | 2015 |
Nintedanib (Vargatef® and Ofev®) | TKI | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | VEGFR1-3, PDGFR, FGFR1-2 | 2014 |
Pazopanib (Votrient®) | TKI | Metastatic STC and advanced RCC | VEGFR1-3, PDGFRβ, FGFR1-2 | 2009 |
Pomalidomide (Pomalyst® and Imnovid®) | Amino acid | Multiple myeloma | VEGF, IL-6, COX-2, Cereblon | 2013 |
Ramucirumab (Cyramza®) | Humanized monoclonal antibody | MCRC, NSCLC, and advanced gastric adenocarcinoma | VEGFR2 | 2014 |
Regorafenib (Stivarga®) | TKI | Chemo-refractory MCRC, unresectable HCC and GIST | VEGFR1-3, PDGFRβ, FGFR1-2 | 2012 |
Sorafenib (Nexavar®) | TKI | Advanced RCC, metastatic differentiated TC and unresectable HCC | VEGFR2, PDGFRβ | 2005 |
Sunitinib (Sutent®) | TKI | Metastatic RCC, GIST, PNET and TC | VEGFR1-2, PDGFRα/β | 2006 |
Thalidomide (Thalomid®) | Amino acid | Multiple myeloma in combination with dexamethasone | VEGF-A bFGF, FGFR | 2006 |
Temsirolimus (Torisel®) | TKI | RCC | mTOR | 2007 |
Vandetanib (Caprelsa®) | TKI | Unresectable or metastatic TC | VEGFR2 | 2011 |
Ziv-Aflibercept (Zaltrap®) | Fusion protein (VEGFR chimera) | MCRC in combination with 5-FU, irinotecan and leucovorin | VEGF-A/B, PlGF | 2012 |
Name | Structure | Source | Possible Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Damnacanthal | Anthraquinone | Noni | ↓VEGFR1-3, c-Met, FAK, FGFR1, 2 and 4 ↓MMP-2, uPA and integrin α5 ↓PI3K-Akt signaling pathway | [351] |
Delphinidin | Polyphenol | Grapes, berries, eggplants, red cabbages and tomatoes | ↓VEGF-A/VEGFR2 pathway ↓VEGF-A expression ↓PI3K-Akt and ERK signaling pathways | [280,281,282,283,284] |
Epigallocatechin gallate | Polyphenol | Teas, berries, kiwis, cherries, pears, peaches, apples, nuts and herbs | ↓VEGF-A and MMP-2 expression ↓ VEGF-A/VEGFR2 pathway ↓HIF-1α, NFκB | [363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375] |
Genistein | Polyphenol | Soybeans | ↓VEGF-A, PDGF, MMPs expression ↑angiogenesis inhibitors ↓HIF-1α, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, NFκB and Bax/Bcl-2 | [194,203,204,205,206,207,208,209] |
Hydroxytyrosol | Phenolic alcohol | Tomato, pink grapefruit, oranges and watermelon | ↓VEGFR2 phosphorylation and ERK SAPK/JNK pathways ↓MMPs secretion ↓PI3K/Akt and NFκB ↑Caspases 3 and 7 activation | [305,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322] |
Kaempferol | Polyphenol | Cruciferous vegetables, spinach, onions, leeks, citrus fruits, grapes and herbs | ↓VEGF-A expression and secretion ↓HIF-1α, VEGF-A/VEGFR2 pathways ↓PI3K/Akt, mTOR and MEK/ERK | [186,187,188,189,190] |
Luteolin | Polyphenol | Oregano | ↓VEGF-A/VEGFR2, p38/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways ↓VEGF-A and MMP-9 expression ↓HIF-1α and STAT3 | [413,414,415,416] |
Lycopene | Carotenoid | Tomatoes, pink grapefruit, oranges and watermelon | ↓MMP-2 and uPA ↓VEGFR2-mediated PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways | [216,217,218,219,220,221] |
Myricetin | Polyphenol | Onions, grapes, berries, nuts and herbs | ↓VEGF-A/VEGFR2, p38/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways | [286,287,288,289,290,291] |
Piceatannol | Polyphenol | Grapes, berries, peanuts and sugar cane | ↓VEGF-A/VEGFR2- mediated pathways | [279] |
Quercetin | Polyphenol | Onions, cruciferous vegetables, spinach, apples, berries, nuts, oregano, teas and herbs | ↓VEGF-A/VEGFR2, p38/MAPK, Akt, mTOR and P70S6K signaling pathways | [292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299] |
Resveratrol | Polyphenol | Grapes and other fruits (mainly berries) and nuts | ↓VEGF-A expression ↓HIF-1α, GSK3b/β-catenin/TCF, VEGF-A/VEGFR2 and TFG-β pathways ↓ERK-mediated PKM2 nuclear translocation | [266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273] |
Rosmarinic acid | Phenolic acid | Oregano, lemon balm, sage, marjoram and rosemary | ↓bFGF/FGFR signaling pathway | [410,411,412] |
Sulforaphane | Glucosinolate | Cruciferous vegetables (mainly broccoli) | ↓HIF-1α, VEGF-A/VEGFR2 pathways ↓MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt | [182,183,184] |
Tanshinone IIA | Terpenoid | Danshen | ↓VEGF-A/VEGFR2 and PI3K/Akt pathways ↓MMP-2 and ↑TIMP-1 levels ↓HIF-1α-mediated β-catenin/TCF3/LEF1 pathway in hypoxia ↓TGF-β1-mediated β-catenin/TCF3/LEF1 pathway in normoxia | [393,394,395,396,397,398] |
Ursolic acid | Pentacyclic triterpene | Berries, apples, prunes, elder flower, peppermint, oregano and herbs | ↓MMP-2 and 9, ↑TIMP-1 levels ↓VEGF-A, bFGF and iNOS genes expression ↓Activation of SHH, STAT3, Akt and p70S6K pathways | [340,341,342,343,344,345] |
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García-Caballero, M.; Torres-Vargas, J.A.; Marrero, A.D.; Martínez-Poveda, B.; Medina, M.Á.; Quesada, A.R. Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020256
García-Caballero M, Torres-Vargas JA, Marrero AD, Martínez-Poveda B, Medina MÁ, Quesada AR. Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(2):256. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020256
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Caballero, Melissa, José Antonio Torres-Vargas, Ana Dácil Marrero, Beatriz Martínez-Poveda, Miguel Ángel Medina, and Ana R. Quesada. 2022. "Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods" Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2: 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020256