Willingness to Pay for Public Benefit Functions of Daecheong Dam Operation: Moderating Effects of Climate Change Perceptions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Literature Review
2.3. Setting Attributes and Levels
2.4. Development of a Measurement Instrument
2.5. Sample Collection
2.6. Analytical Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Demographic Profile of the Sample
3.2. Estimating Conditional Logit Model
3.3. Measuring Climate Change Perceptions and Segmenting Respondents
3.4. Estimating Implicit Prices by Cluster
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Factors and Items | Loading |
---|---|
Level of understanding of climate change | |
Understanding the causes (EFA α = 0.776; Eigen value = 2.568; Variance explained = 21.40%) | |
Recent catastrophic events have been caused by the climate change. | 0.792 |
Scientific information about the climate change should be provided to every citizen. | 0.776 |
This is the time to discuss how to adapt to climate change, not to argue. | 0.723 |
The national counter strategy against the climate change is too passive. | 0.629 |
Understanding the measures (EFA α = 0.795; Eigen value = 2.555; Variance explained = 21.30%) | |
Preparation for the climate change must be a primary objective of national policy | 0.852 |
Recent catastrophic events have been caused by the climate change. | 0.797 |
Scientific information about the climate change should be provided to every citizen. | 0.776 |
This is the time to discuss how to adapt to climate change, not to argue. | 0.740 |
Understanding the results (EFA α = 0.808; Eigen value = 2.363; Variance explained = 19.69%) | |
Recent catastrophic events have been caused by the climate change. | 0.808 |
Scientific information about the climate change should be provided to every citizen. | 0.767 |
This is the time to discuss how to adapt to climate change, not to argue. | 0.692 |
The national counterstrategy against the climate change is too passive. | 0.621 |
KMO = 0.860; Bartlett’s test of sphericity: χ2 = 2489.81; df = 66; p = 0.000 | |
Level of awareness of the behavioral pattern (EFA α = 0.817; Eigen value = 3.166; Variance explained = 52.76%) | |
The environmental protection helps improve the quality of life. | 0.770 |
With the environmental protection, everybody wins eventually. | 0.765 |
The health threat of air pollution is more serious than people perceive it to be | 0.721 |
Global warming is still ongoing. | 0.715 |
Protecting the environment is beneficial to my health. | 0.694 |
The climate change is affecting everyone in real time. | 0.690 |
KMO = 0.820; Bartlett’s test of sphericity: χ2 = 1171.84; df = 28; p = 0.000 | |
Level of behavioral style (EFA α = 0.677; Eigen value = 2.363; Variance explained = 39.33%) | |
The environmental protection helps improve the quality of life. | 0.784 |
With the environmental protection, everybody wins eventually. | 0.749 |
The health threat of air pollution is more serious than people perceive it to be | 0.602 |
Global warming is still ongoing. | 0.562 |
Protecting the environment is beneficial to my health. | 0.535 |
The climate change is affecting everyone in real time. | 0.468 |
KMO = 0.678; Bartlett’s test of sphericity: χ2 = 664.285; df = 15; p = 0.000 |
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Attributes | Improvement Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | |
Drought Management | (Status quo) Maintaining current techniques to prevent drought disaster | (Partial improvement) Complementing existing techniques to prevent drought disaster | (Substantial improvement) Complementing existing techniques and develo** new techniques to prevent drought disaster |
Flood Control | (Status quo) Maintaining current techniques to prevent flood disaster | (Partial improvement) Complementing existing techniques to prevent flood disaster | (Substantial improvement) Complementing existing techniques and develo** new techniques to prevent flood disaster |
Water quality Monitoring | (Status quo) Maintaining current purification techniques to prevent water pollution | (Partial improvement) Complementing existing techniques to prevent water pollution | (Substantial improvement) Complementing existing techniques and develo** new techniques to prevent water pollution |
Categories | Type A | Type B | Type C | χ2-Test p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | % | Frequency | % | Frequency | % | ||
Gender | |||||||
Male | 106 | 52.2 | 106 | 52.5 | 102 | 51.5 | 0.980 |
Female | 97 | 47.8 | 96 | 47.5 | 96 | 48.5 | |
Age | |||||||
20–29 | 57 | 49.8 | 55 | 44.6 | 57 | 47.0 | 0.950 |
30–39 | 60 | 50.2 | 63 | 55.4 | 60 | 53.0 | |
40–49 | 55 | 28.1 | 54 | 27.2 | 54 | 28.8 | |
50–59 | 21 | 29.6 | 22 | 31.2 | 23 | 30.3 | |
60s or older | 10 | 27.1 | 8 | 26.7 | 4 | 27.3 | |
Marital status | |||||||
Single | 101 | 10.3 | 90 | 10.9 | 93 | 11.6 | 0.694 |
Married | 102 | 4.9 | 112 | 4.0 | 105 | 2.0 | |
Education | |||||||
Middle school or less | 6 | 3.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 6 | 2.9 | 0.061 |
High school | 78 | 38.4 | 53 | 26.2 | 74 | 35.6 | |
College degree | 94 | 46.3 | 120 | 59.4 | 94 | 45.2 | |
Postgraduate degree | 25 | 12.3 | 27 | 13.4 | 34 | 16.3 | |
Occupation | |||||||
Profession | 16 | 55.2 | 26 | 56.9 | 19 | 57.1 | 0.497 |
Clerical work | 69 | 26.6 | 78 | 25.2 | 70 | 24.7 | |
Production | 14 | 18.2 | 10 | 17.8 | 18 | 18.2 | |
Service | 17 | 7.9 | 11 | 12.9 | 15 | 9.6 | |
Civil servant | 5 | 34.0 | 5 | 38.6 | 3 | 35.4 | |
Teaching staff | 4 | 6.9 | 3 | 5.0 | 4 | 9.1 | |
Self-ownership | 16 | 8.4 | 7 | 5.4 | 17 | 7.6 | |
Student | 30 | 2.5 | 31 | 2.5 | 28 | 1.5 | |
Unemployed | 15 | 2.0 | 12 | 1.5 | 5 | 2.0 | |
Housewife | 17 | 7.9 | 19 | 3.5 | 19 | 8.6 | |
Residence area | |||||||
Daejeon | 112 | 14.8 | 115 | 15.3 | 113 | 14.1 | 0.994 |
Chungbuk | 54 | 7.4 | 51 | 5.9 | 49 | 2.5 | |
Chungnam | 37 | 8.4 | 36 | 9.4 | 36 | 9.6 | |
Monthly household income (unit: 10,000 won) | |||||||
99 or less | 7 | 3.4 | 5 | 2.5 | 5 | 2.5 | 0.051 |
100–199 | 29 | 14.3 | 19 | 9.4 | 16 | 8.1 | |
200–299 | 35 | 17.2 | 29 | 14.4 | 48 | 24.2 | |
300–399 | 38 | 18.7 | 42 | 20.8 | 29 | 14.6 | |
400–499 | 36 | 17.7 | 41 | 20.3 | 32 | 16.2 | |
500–599 | 16 | 7.9 | 24 | 11.9 | 28 | 14.1 | |
600–699 | 14 | 6.9 | 6 | 3.0 | 16 | 8.1 | |
700–799 | 9 | 4.4 | 16 | 7.9 | 13 | 6.6 | |
800 or more | 19 | 9.4 | 20 | 9.9 | 11 | 5.6 | |
Total | 203 | 100 | 202 | 100 | 198 | 100 | - |
n = 603 |
Model | Model I | Model II | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Coef. | S.E. | t-Ratio | Coef. | S.E. | t-Ratio | ||||
ASC | 0.151 | 0.082 | 1.83 | * | 0.790 | 0.316 | 2.50 | ** | ||
DM_Mid | 0.454 | 0.065 | 7.02 | *** | 0.453 | 0.065 | 7.00 | *** | ||
DM_High | 0.626 | 0.059 | 10.57 | *** | 0.627 | 0.059 | 10.57 | *** | ||
FC_Mid | 0.273 | 0.059 | 4.59 | ** | 0.274 | 0.060 | 4.60 | *** | ||
FlC_High | 0.391 | 0.060 | 6.46 | *** | 0.393 | 0.061 | 6.49 | *** | ||
WM_Mid | 0.567 | 0.061 | 9.31 | *** | 0.568 | 0.061 | 9.32 | *** | ||
WM_High | 0.818 | 0.060 | 13.58 | *** | 0.818 | 0.060 | 13.59 | *** | ||
Bid | −0.938 | 0.043 | −21.58 | *** | −0.939 | 0.044 | −21.58 | *** | ||
ASC*Gender | 0.023 | 0.076 | 0.30 | |||||||
ASC*Age | −0.010 | 0.004 | −2.50 | ** | ||||||
ASC*Income | 0.047 | 0.019 | 2.46 | ** | ||||||
ASC*Education | −0.025 | 0.017 | −1.47 | |||||||
ASC*Marital Status | −0.016 | 0.077 | −0.21 | |||||||
ASC*Occupation | −0.123 | 0.089 | −1.38 | |||||||
ASC*Residence Area | 0.050 | 0.077 | 0.65 | |||||||
LLF | −3515.53 | −3506.31 | ||||||||
Adj. Pseudo R2 | 0.110 | 0.113 | ||||||||
No. of Obs. | 3618 | 3618 | ||||||||
IIA test | Alternative dropped | χ2 (df=7) | p-value | |||||||
Option 1 | 9.166 | 0.241 | ||||||||
Option 2 | 6.589 | 0.473 | ||||||||
Option 3 | 12.613 | 0.082 |
Clusters Factors | Cluster 1: High Involvement | Cluster 2: Low Involvement | t-Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean(S.D.) | Mean(S.D.) | |||
Level of understanding of climate change: | Understanding the causes | 3.46(0.36) H | 2.94(0.43) L | 15.82 *** |
Understanding the measure | 3.50(0.38) H | 2.88(0.35) L | 19.97 *** | |
Understanding the results | 2.74(0.56) H | 2.35(0.51) L | 8.74 *** | |
Level of awareness of the behavioral pattern | 4.16(0.51) H | 3.42(0.56) L | 16.29 *** | |
Level of behavioral style | 3.54(0.54) H | 2.90(0.50) L | 14.68 *** |
Model | High-Involvement Group | Low-Involvement Group | Coef. Comparison | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Coef. | S.E. | t-Ratio | Coef. | S.E. | t-Ratio | ||||
ASC | 0.873 | 0.523 | 1.67 | * | 0.981 | 0.407 | 2.41 | ** | - | |
DM_Mid | 0.637 | 0.108 | 5.92 | *** | 0.361 | 0.082 | 4.42 | *** | 4.17 | ** |
DM_High | 0.846 | 0.098 | 8.61 | *** | 0.499 | 0.075 | 6.64 | *** | 7.89 | *** |
FC_Mid | 0.274 | 0.096 | 2.86 | *** | 0.280 | 0.076 | 3.67 | *** | 0.00 | |
FC_High | 0.389 | 0.098 | 3.98 | *** | 0.394 | 0.078 | 5.08 | *** | 0.00 | |
WM_Mid | 0.638 | 0.099 | 6.47 | *** | 0.522 | 0.078 | 6.70 | *** | 0.84 | |
WM_High | 1.005 | 0.097 | 10.33 | *** | 0.702 | 0.077 | 9.08 | *** | 5.95 | ** |
Bid | −0.986 | 0.072 | −13.78 | *** | −0.922 | 0.055 | −16.69 | *** | 0.49 | |
ASC*Gender | 0.095 | 0.126 | 0.75 | 0.051 | 0.098 | 0.51 | 0.08 | |||
ASC*Age | −0.014 | 0.007 | −2.09 | ** | −0.009 | 0.005 | −1.75 | * | 0.36 | |
ASC*Income | 0.140 | 0.032 | 4.33 | *** | −0.001 | 0.024 | −0.05 | 12.20 | *** | |
ASC*Education | −0.009 | 0.027 | −0.32 | −0.042 | 0.022 | −1.90 | * | 0.87 | ||
ASC*Marital Status | −0.009 | 0.120 | −0.07 | 0.000 | 0.101 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
ASC*Occupation | −0.761 | 0.164 | −4.65 | *** | 0.151 | 0.110 | 1.38 | 21.46 | *** | |
ASC*Residence Area | −0.348 | 0.133 | −2.62 | *** | 0.227 | 0.098 | 2.31 | ** | 12.15 | *** |
LLF | −1335.46 | −2138.04 | - | |||||||
Adj. Pseudo R2 | 0.147 | 0.103 | ||||||||
No. of Obs. | 1440 | 2178 |
Attribute | Level | Implicit Prices (t-Ratio) | Confidence Interval 95% | Implicit Prices (t-Ratio) | Confidence Interval 95% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drought Management | Low → Mid | 6467 (5.75) *** | [4261–8673] | 3924 (4.33) *** | [2139–5693] |
Mid → High | 2121 (2.39) ** | [382–3860] | 1486 (1.81) n.s. | [−114–3098] | |
Flood Control | Low → Mid | 2783 (2.81) *** | [842–4725] | 3036 (3.64) *** | [1407–4672] |
Mid → High | 1162 (1.25) n.s. | [−662–2986] | 1228 (6.27) n.s. | [−353–2824] | |
Water-quality Monitoring | Low → Mid | 6471 (5.82) *** | [4290–8652] | 5661 (5.81) *** | [3898–7432] |
Mid → High | 3728 (3.89) *** | [1848–5609] | 1951 (2.38) ** | [342–3555] | |
Total MWTP | 21,570 (10.26) *** | [17,450–25,691] | 14,569 (8.75) *** | [11,306–17,832] |
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Oh, H.; Yun, S.; Lee, H. Willingness to Pay for Public Benefit Functions of Daecheong Dam Operation: Moderating Effects of Climate Change Perceptions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 14060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414060
Oh H, Yun S, Lee H. Willingness to Pay for Public Benefit Functions of Daecheong Dam Operation: Moderating Effects of Climate Change Perceptions. Sustainability. 2021; 13(24):14060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414060
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Heekyun, Seongjun Yun, and Heechan Lee. 2021. "Willingness to Pay for Public Benefit Functions of Daecheong Dam Operation: Moderating Effects of Climate Change Perceptions" Sustainability 13, no. 24: 14060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414060