Analysis of Supply–Demand Relationship of Cooling Capacity of Blue–Green Landscape under the Direction of Mitigating Urban Heat Island
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Overall Workflow
2.3.2. Acquisition of LST and SHUIs
2.3.3. Selection of Optimal Mesh Size
2.3.4. Quantitative Evaluation of CESL and CEDL
- (1)
- Construction of the CESL evaluation system
- (2)
- Construction of the CEDL evaluation system
- (3)
- Indicator processing and weight calculation
2.3.5. The Analysis of the Relationship between the CESL and CEDL
2.3.6. Cooling Efficiency Analysis of UBGLs
3. Results
3.1. Best Mosaic Size
3.2. Spatial Distribution and Variation of SUHIs and UBGLs
3.3. Spatial Distribution and Variation in the CESL, CEDL, and CCD
3.3.1. Coupling Relationship between the CESL and CEDL
3.3.2. Spatiotemporal Dynamic Evolution of CCD
4. Discussion
4.1. Quantitative Evaluation of the CESL and CEDL
4.2. The Improvement in the Cooling Efficiency Enlightens UBGL Planning
4.3. Limitations and Prospects
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- According to the unitary linear regression calculation, the matching of the CESL and CEDL of Qunli New Town showed obvious polarization, and the regions with high supply and low demand and low supply and high demand were mostly similar, which resulted in the lowest slope line of fitting among the four case areas. The results of Jiangbei New Town, Hanan New Town, and the old town were more balanced than those of Qunli New Town;
- (2)
- It can be seen from the spatiotemporal dynamic evolution of the CCD that the percentages in the regions of advanced cooling capacity, balanced system development, and lagging cooling capacity were 48.2%, 24.1%, and 27.8%, respectively. The proportion of moderate-coordination-advancing cooling efficient areas was the highest, reaching 35.3%. Secondly, the moderate-imbalance-hysteretic cooling efficient areas represented 18.4%, the moderate-imbalance-systematic balanced development areas were 13.7%, and the moderate-coordination-systematic balanced development areas were 10%. In terms of spatial distribution, the old town showed different levels of balanced development for supply and demand. From the coordination types of the old town, most areas were developed with a systematic balanced development approach. What merits special notice is that, with the old city highly coordinated area as the core area, the coupling coordination type gradually turned outward into a state of serious imbalance, and then back into a state of high coordination;
- (3)
- The extremely unbalanced areas with low supply and high demand were accompanied by a high population density and socioeconomic level, which are the main reasons for low cooling efficiencies. Therefore, the construction intensity of such areas should be controlled, the coverage of UBGLs should be emphasized, and the population size should be managed. Other major reasons for low cooling efficiency are the extremely disordered areas of high supply and low demand, high coverage rates of UBGLs, and extremely low population densities. Therefore, the degree of utilization for cooling capacities in such areas should be emphasized. In addition, the ecological corridor constructions of UBGL cooling capacity flows can be considered, and these can enter the urban area through the energy transportation of cooling capacities from other areas, which can be achieved with a macro perspective of the city.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SUHII Degree | Grading Basis |
---|---|
Extreme SUHI area (5) | SUHII > μ + STD |
SUHI area (4) | μ + 0.5 STD < SUHII ≤ μ + STD |
Medium-temperature area (3) | μ − 0.5 STD < SUHII ≤ μ + 0.5 STD |
Weak SUCI area (2) | μ − STD < SUHII ≤ μ − 0.5 STD |
SUCI area (1) | SUHII ≤ μ − STD |
Landscape Pattern Index | Formula | Definition |
---|---|---|
Patch density (PD) | The number of landscape patches per unit area | |
Landscape shape index (LSI) | The shape index of landscape patches | |
Mean patch area (AREA_MN) | The average value of patch area of a certain type of landscape | |
Patch cohesion index (COHESION) | Physical connectivity of the same type of plaque | |
Euclidean nearest neighbor index (ENN_MN) | The dispersion degree of patch distance of the same type | |
Aggregation index (AI) | The degree of landscape patches gathered and connected |
Type | Landscape Pattern Index | 2001 | 2007 | 2015 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UGL | PD | −0.020 | −0.048 | −0.035 | 0.030 |
LSI | 0.187 ** | −0.001 | −0.006 | 0.432 ** | |
AREA_MN | −0.446 ** | −0.430 ** | −0.343 ** | −0.337 ** | |
COHESION | −0.603 ** | −0.639 ** | −0.638 ** | −0.120 ** | |
ENN_MN | 0.353 ** | 0.412 ** | 0.403 ** | 0.048 | |
AI | −0.708 ** | −0.589 ** | −0.635 ** | −0.316 ** | |
UBL | PD | −0.295 ** | −0.201 ** | −0.174 ** | −0.122 ** |
LSI | −0.198 ** | −0.142 ** | −0.153 ** | −0.234 ** | |
AREA_MN | 0.040 | −0.025 | −0.202 ** | −0.532 ** | |
COHESION | 0.078 | 0.125 * | −0.130 ** | −0.488 ** | |
ENN_MN | 0.086 | −0.047 | 0.035 | 0.225 ** | |
AI | 0.193 ** | 0.151 ** | −0.046 | −0.377 ** | |
UBGL | PD | −0.025 ** | −0.056 * | −0.048 | 0.022 |
LSI | −0.146 ** | −0.026 | −0.041 | 0.361 ** | |
AREA_MN | −0.443 ** | −0.422 ** | −0.366 ** | −0.476 ** | |
COHESION | −0.613 ** | −0.656 ** | −0.752 ** | −0.640 ** | |
ENN_MN | 0.413 ** | 0.480 ** | 0.510 ** | 0.378 ** | |
AI | −0.697 ** | −0.598 ** | −0.718 ** | −0.684 ** |
Type | Landscape Pattern Index | 2001 | 2007 | 2015 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SUHI | PD | −0.038 | 0.004 | −0.001 | 0.013 |
LSI | −0.218 ** | −0.155 ** | −0.315 ** | −0.164 ** | |
AREA_MN | 0.525 ** | 0.827 ** | 0.872 ** | 0.853 ** | |
COHESION | 0.242 ** | 0.525 ** | 0.486 ** | 0.508 ** | |
ENN_MN | −0.106 ** | −0.385 ** | −0.335 ** | −0.432 ** | |
AI | 0.238 ** | 0.506 ** | 0.498 ** | 0.479 ** |
Destination Layer | Main Index | Secondary Index | Indictor Meaning | Property | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CESL | UBGL landscape supply capacity level | AREA_MN (UBGLs) | Reflects the degree of UBGL patch fragmentation per unit area | Positive | 0.675 |
COHESION (UBGLs) | Reflects the physical connectivity of UBGL patches | Positive | 0.019 | ||
AI (UBGLs) | Reflects the aggregation degree of UBGL patches | Positive | 0.022 | ||
ENN_MN (UBGLs) | Reflects the degree of dispersion between UBGL patches | Negative | 0.097 | ||
LULC supply capacity level | PLAND (UBGLs) | Reflects the size of the UBGL patch | Positive | 0.187 | |
CEDL | SUHI landscape demand capacity level | LSI (SUHIs) | Reflects the degree of complexity of the SUHI patch | Negative | 0.018 |
AREA_MN (SUHIs) | Reflects the degree of SUHI patch fragmentation per unit area | Positive | 0.271 | ||
COHESION (SUHIs) | Reflects the physical connectivity of SUHI patches | Positive | 0.009 | ||
AI (SUHIs) | Reflects the aggregation degree of SUHI patches | Positive | 0.008 | ||
ENN_MN (SUHIs) | Reflects the degree of dispersion between SUHI patches | Negative | 0.151 | ||
LULC demand capacity level | PLAND (SUHIs) | Reflects the size of the SUHI patch | Positive | 0.143 | |
Population economic level | POP_density | Reflects the human demand for cooling capacities | Positive | 0.318 | |
DN | Reflects the economic capacity to deal with SUHIs | Negative | 0.082 |
Primary Zoning | SUHII | 2001 | 2007 | 2015 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hot zone | 5 | 21.3% | 20.8% | 21.2% | 21.2% |
4 | 14.0% | 15.3% | 14.6% | 15.1% | |
Normal zone | 3 | 29.8% | 27.5% | 30.0% | 26.8% |
Cold zone | 2 | 20.0% | 15.7% | 10.4% | 15.8% |
1 | 14.8% | 20.7% | 23.7% | 21.0% |
Land Use Types | 2001 | 2007 | 2015 | 2021 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | Ratio (%) | Area (ha) | Ratio (%) | Area (ha) | Ratio (%) | Area (ha) | Ratio (%) | |
Grassland | 18,172.71 | 11.00 | 8898.26 | 5.39 | 8457.88 | 5.12 | 26,348.09 | 15.95 |
Pond area | 621.81 | 0.38 | 174.87 | 0.11 | 541.44 | 0.33 | 528.75 | 0.32 |
NBGS | 82,768.60 | 50.12 | 92,027.47 | 55.73 | 94,994.48 | 57.52 | 75,928.03 | 45.98 |
Cultivated land | 56,311.38 | 34.10 | 56,781.32 | 34.38 | 48,803.57 | 29.55 | 32,583.02 | 19.73 |
Ditch area | 33.87 | 0.02 | 13.21 | 0.01 | 117.07 | 0.07 | 162.33 | 0.10 |
River area | 2753.46 | 1.67 | 2746.98 | 1.66 | 7148.34 | 4.33 | 13,957.83 | 8.45 |
Pond area | 353.79 | 0.21 | 400.68 | 0.24 | 722.61 | 0.44 | 888.48 | 0.54 |
Forestland | 4128.57 | 2.50 | 4098.39 | 2.48 | 4358.80 | 2.64 | 14,747.66 | 8.93 |
Total | 165,144.18 | 100.00 | 165,144.18 | 100.00 | 165,144.18 | 100.00 | 165,144.18 | 100.00 |
Composite Category | Coordination Level | Subcategory | Specific Exponential Comparison | Subcategory |
---|---|---|---|---|
System coordinated development | CCD2021 − CCD2001 > 0.1 | High coordination | |CESL2021 − CEDL2021|> 0.1 | Advancing cooling efficiency |
|CESL2021 − CEDL2021|≤ 0.1 | Systematic balanced development | |||
|CESL2021 − CEDL2021|< −0.1 | Lagging cooling efficiency | |||
System transformation development | 0.1 ≥ CCD2021 − CD2001 > 0 | Moderate coordination | |CESL2021 − CEDL2021|> 0.1 | Advancing cooling efficiency |
|CESL2021 − CEDL2021|≤ 0.1 | Systematic balanced development | |||
|CESL2021 − CEDL2021|< −0.1 | Lagging cooling efficiency | |||
0 ≥ CCD2021 − CCD2001 > −0.1 | Moderate imbalance | |CESL2021 − CEDL2021|> 0.1 | Advancing cooling efficiency | |
|CESL2021 − CEDL2021|≤ 0.1 | Systematic balanced development | |||
|CESL2021 − CEDL2021|< −0.1 | Lagging cooling efficiency | |||
System uncoordinated development | −0.1 ≥ CCD2021 − CCD2001 | Serious imbalance | |CESL2021 − CEDL2021|> 0.1 | Advancing cooling efficiency |
|CESL2021 − CEDL2021|≤ 0.1 | Systematic balanced development | |||
|CESL2021 − CEDL2021|< −0.1 | Lagging cooling efficiency |
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Guan, S.; Liu, S.; Zhang, X.; Du, X.; Lv, Z.; Hu, H. Analysis of Supply–Demand Relationship of Cooling Capacity of Blue–Green Landscape under the Direction of Mitigating Urban Heat Island. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10919. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410919
Guan S, Liu S, Zhang X, Du X, Lv Z, Hu H. Analysis of Supply–Demand Relationship of Cooling Capacity of Blue–Green Landscape under the Direction of Mitigating Urban Heat Island. Sustainability. 2023; 15(14):10919. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410919
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuan, Shengyu, Shuang Liu, **n Zhang, **nlei Du, Zhifang Lv, and Haihui Hu. 2023. "Analysis of Supply–Demand Relationship of Cooling Capacity of Blue–Green Landscape under the Direction of Mitigating Urban Heat Island" Sustainability 15, no. 14: 10919. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410919