Application of Hydrus-2D Model in Subsurface Drainage of Saline Soil in Coastal Forest Land—A Case Example of Fengxian, Shanghai
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Hydrus Model and Principle
1.2. Overview of the Study Area
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.1.1. Subsurface Pipe Laying Program
2.1.2. Sampling and Experimental Programs
2.2. Hydrus Model Setup
2.2.1. Fundamental Equations of Soil Water Movement
2.2.2. Modeling of Root Water Uptake
2.3. Indoor Soil Column Experiment Rate Determination
2.4. Validation of Outdoor Field Experiments
3. Modelling Application
3.1. Hydrus Model Setup
3.1.1. Two-Dimensional Model Building
3.1.2. Boundary and Initial Conditions
3.2. Model Results Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Influence of Burial Depth (D) on the Effectiveness of Amelioration
4.2. Influence of Pipe Diameter on the Effectiveness of the Improvement
4.3. Discussion of Findings
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Hydrus-2D/3D software shows excellent applicability in simulating water and salt transport in coastal saline soils under forests in Fengxian, Shanghai. The range of RMSE coefficients varies from 0.04 to 1.63, with the R2 values in most cases reaching as high as 0.99, demonstrating its outstanding reliability in field applications and providing solid support for future research.
- (2)
- In cases where the groundwater level is relatively deep, the improvement of water and salt in the shallow soil layer (0–60 cm) under the coastal forests in Fengxian is mainly related to the burial depth when using subsurface pipes. Pipes buried at a depth of 0.7 m with a diameter of 12 cm perform best. Furthermore, a burial depth of 1.5 m leads to more uniform soil amelioration and higher salt removal rates in the deeper soil layers, albeit with a relatively modest overall increase in cumulative simulated salt flux. Regression analysis reveals that the burial depth (D) significantly influences soil salt discharge, with a regression coefficient of 12.812, indicating its pronounced impact on soil salt emission. In contrast, the effect of pipe diameter on salt discharge is not significant, consistent with previous conclusions.
- (3)
- Based on observations within the experimental area, concealed pipe laying schemes offer long-term effectiveness and cost advantages without relying on other facilities such as irrigation or drip irrigation. This study aims to provide a scientific basis for the development of green corridors and the optimization of subsurface drainage and salt discharge schemes in coastal areas, which can help improve soil quality and reduce construction costs. Furthermore, the study endeavors to furnish practical technical insights for future landscape soil rehabilitation and the establishment of ecological corridors.
- (4)
- Field measurements reveal variations in soil homogeneity across the experimental area, with subsurface pipe installation causing significant soil disturbance and yielding inconsistent construction results. These issues significantly diminish the efficacy and durability of subsurface drainage systems. Thus, it is essential to continuously refine models in future research endeavors to augment their precision and relevance in predicting soil water movement. Additionally, further investigation into the long-term simulation outcomes is warranted.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Monitoring Point Number | Groundwater Depth (m) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Maximum Values | Minimum Value | Average Value | |
310120210002 | 5.14 | 5.05 | 5.10 |
310120210023 | 5.17 | 5.13 | 5.16 |
310120210019 | 5.75 | 5.56 | 5.70 |
310116210019 | 5.67 | 5.62 | 5.65 |
Depth (cm) | Soil Capacity (g/cm3) | Saturated Water Content θs (cm3/cm3) | Field Water Holding Capacity (cm3/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|
0–20 | 1.12 | 51.37 | 35.08 |
20–40 | 1.23 | 40.61 | 29.80 |
40–60 | 1.25 | 37.67 | 30.92 |
60–80 | 1.46 | 32.34 | 22.74 |
80–100 | 1.41 | 35.04 | 22.82 |
Feddes’ Parameters | |
---|---|
PO (cm) | −10 |
POpt (cm) | −25 |
P2H (cm) | −500 |
P2L (cm) | −800 |
P3 (cm) | −8000 |
r2H (cm/year) | 182.5 |
r2L (cm/year) | 36.5 |
BD | α (1/cm) | n | (cm/d) | l | ||
1.31 | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.0132 | 1.485 | 26.5 | 0.5 |
(cm) | (cm) | (cm2/d) | (cm2/d) | |||
2 | 0.1 | 3 | 0 |
Simulation Scenario | Scenario Note | Simulation Scenario | Scenario Note |
---|---|---|---|
D0.5 | Pipe diameter Ø Buried depth D = 0.5 m | Pipe diameter Ø Buried depth D = 0.7 m | |
D0.7 | Pipe diameter Ø Buried depth D = 0.7 m | ||
D0.9 | Pipe diameter Ø Buried depth D = 0.9 m | Pipe diameter Ø Buried depth D = 0.7 m | |
D1.1 | Pipe Diameter Ø Buried depth D = 1.1 m | ||
D1.3 | Pipe Diameter Ø Buried depth D = 1.3 m | Pipe diameter Ø Buried depth D = 0.7 m | |
D1.5 | Pipe diameter Ø Buried depth D = 1.5 m |
VSL (Virtual Soil Layer) Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | n | l | |||
0.033 | 0.334 | 0.012 | 1.493 | 0.026 | 0.5 |
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Wang, Y.; Sun, H.; Mo, Q.; Zhuo, C. Application of Hydrus-2D Model in Subsurface Drainage of Saline Soil in Coastal Forest Land—A Case Example of Fengxian, Shanghai. Sustainability 2024, 16, 4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114590
Wang Y, Sun H, Mo Q, Zhuo C. Application of Hydrus-2D Model in Subsurface Drainage of Saline Soil in Coastal Forest Land—A Case Example of Fengxian, Shanghai. Sustainability. 2024; 16(11):4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114590
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yuying, Haiyan Sun, Qian Mo, and Chengrui Zhuo. 2024. "Application of Hydrus-2D Model in Subsurface Drainage of Saline Soil in Coastal Forest Land—A Case Example of Fengxian, Shanghai" Sustainability 16, no. 11: 4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114590