How Attractive Is Upland Olive Groves Landscape? Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and GIS in Southern Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Non-productive olive groves (now being replaced by local wild plants and trees and therefore becoming Mediterranean forest);
- Integrated and organic olive farming systems with grass vegetation cover between the trees;
- Conventional olive farming system without grass vegetation cover between the trees.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methodology
- First phase: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) opinion survey on public preferences regarding the three types of olive landscapes;
- Second phase: The visibility assessment of the study area;
- Third phase: The assessment of visual quality of the study area.
2.2.1. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Opinion Survey on Public Preferences
- Younger than 35 (251 interviewed);
- 36–50 (128 interviewed); and
- 50–69 (95 interviewed).
- Municipalities with less than 10,000 inhabitants (130 interviewed);
- Municipalities with 10,000–25,000 inhabitants (88 interviewed); and
- Municipalities with more than 25,000 inhabitants (255 interviewed).
2.2.2. Visibility Assessment of the Study Area
2.2.3. Assessment of Visual Quality of the Study Area
3. Results
3.1. AHP Opinion Survey
3.2. Visibility Assessment
3.3. Visual Quality Assessment
- (1)
- Very low visual quality: Conventional olive groves with (0–10] visibility values and non-productive areas and olive groves with vegetation cover with 0 visibility values. Occupies 16,531.4 hectares (93%).
- (2)
- Low visual quality: Conventional olive groves with (10–57] visibility values and non-productive areas and olive groves with vegetation cover situated at spots with a visibility value of 1. Occupies 952.9 hectares (5%).
- (3)
- Medium visual quality: Non-productive olive groves and olive groves with vegetation cover situated at spots with a visibility value within the interval [2–6). Occupies 190.9 hectares (1%).
- (4)
- High visual quality: Non-productive olive groves and olive groves with vegetation cover situated at spots with a visibility value within [6–10). Occupies 27.8 hectares (0.2%).
- (5)
- Very high visual quality: Non-productive areas and olive groves with vegetation cover situated at spots with a visibility value within [10–57]. Occupies 3.2 hectares (0.02%).
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B. Pair Comparisons of Three Different Pictures According AHP Method
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Variable | Groups | Census | Sample | Chi-Squared Test for Equal Frequencies |
---|---|---|---|---|
Size of the municipality | <10,000 | 28.1% | 27.5% | χ2 = 2.187 p-value = 0.335 |
10,000–25,000 | 23.7% | 18.6% | ||
>25,000 | 46.8% | 53.9% | ||
Sex | Male | 46.8% | 48.6% | χ2 = 0.130 p-value= 0.718 |
Female | 53.2% | 51.4% | ||
Age | Less than 34 | 52.0% | 53.1% | χ2 = 0.236 p-value = 0.889 |
35–49 | 25.9% | 26.8% | ||
50–69 | 22.1% | 20.1% |
Title 1 Olive Landscapes | Conventional Olive Farming System | Olive Farming System with Grass Vegetation Cover between the Trees (GVC) | Non-Productive Olive Groves |
---|---|---|---|
Relative weights CR = 0.0005; CI = 0.0003 | 0.1772 | 0.4155 | 0.4073 |
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Nekhay, O.; Arriaza, M. How Attractive Is Upland Olive Groves Landscape? Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and GIS in Southern Spain. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111160
Nekhay O, Arriaza M. How Attractive Is Upland Olive Groves Landscape? Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and GIS in Southern Spain. Sustainability. 2016; 8(11):1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111160
Chicago/Turabian StyleNekhay, Olexandr, and Manuel Arriaza. 2016. "How Attractive Is Upland Olive Groves Landscape? Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and GIS in Southern Spain" Sustainability 8, no. 11: 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111160