Estimation of Hourly near Surface Air Temperature Across Israel Using an Ensemble Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area, Climate, and Meteorological Data
2.2. Remotely Sensed Surface Skin Temperature
2.3. ERA5 Reanalysis Data
2.4. Geospatial Variables
2.5. Statistical Methods
2.5.1. Stage 1 Model: Imputation of SEVIRI Ts
2.5.2. Stage 2 Model: Imputation of Ta from Ts
2.5.3. Stage 3 Model: Downscaling to 1 km Ta by Estimating Residuals
2.5.4. Tuning of Hyper Parameters and Evaluation of Model Performance
3. Results
3.1. SEVIRI Data Coverage
3.2. Performance of the Stage 1 Model
3.2.1. Feature Importance of RF and XGBoost Models in Stage 1
3.2.2. Overall, Temporal, and Spatial Performance
3.2.3. Spatial Pattern of Performance
3.2.4. Spatial Pattern of Imputed Ts of the Stage 1 Model
3.3. Performance of the Stage 2 Model
3.3.1. Feature Importance and Model Performance in Stage 2
3.3.2. Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Ta Estimated from the Stage 2 Models
3.4. Performance of the Stage 3 Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Zhou, B.; Erell, E.; Hough, I.; Shtein, A.; Just, A.C.; Novack, V.; Rosenblatt, J.; Kloog, I. Estimation of Hourly near Surface Air Temperature Across Israel Using an Ensemble Model. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111741
Zhou B, Erell E, Hough I, Shtein A, Just AC, Novack V, Rosenblatt J, Kloog I. Estimation of Hourly near Surface Air Temperature Across Israel Using an Ensemble Model. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(11):1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111741
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Bin, Evyatar Erell, Ian Hough, Alexandra Shtein, Allan C. Just, Victor Novack, Jonathan Rosenblatt, and Itai Kloog. 2020. "Estimation of Hourly near Surface Air Temperature Across Israel Using an Ensemble Model" Remote Sensing 12, no. 11: 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12111741