Mangrove Forest Cover and Phenology with Landsat Dense Time Series in Central Queensland, Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Image Classification
2.3. Mangrove Phenology
TIMESAT Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Image Classification
3.2. Mangrove Phenology
TIMESAT Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Change Dynamics in Mangrove Forests
4.2. Mangrove Phenology
TIMESAT Analysis
4.3. Limitations of the Study
4.4. Implications for the Conservation of Mangrove Forests
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mangrove Extent 2009 (Ha) | Mangrove Extent 2019 (Ha) | Decrease from 2009 to 2019 (Ha) | Percent Area Decrease from 2009 to 2019 (%) |
---|---|---|---|
63,990 | 62,510 | −1480 | −2.31 |
Land Class Name | Producer’s Accuracy (%) | User’s Accuracy (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2009 | 2019 | 2009 | 2019 | |
Mangrove forest | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.95 |
Non-Mangrove Forest | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.99 |
Overall accuracy | 0.98 | 0.98 | ||
Kappa coefficient | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Seas. | Startt. | Endt. | Length | Baseval. | Peakt. | Peakval. | Ampl. | L.deriv. | R.deriv. | L.integral | S.integral | Startval. | Endval. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 11.9 | 21.12 | 9.222 | 0.721 | 17.34 | 0.8539 | 0.1329 | 0.03167 | 0.03633 | 9.555 | 0.9028 | 0.7173 | 0.7779 |
2 | 26.35 | 33.71 | 7.36 | 0.7283 | 30.53 | 0.8131 | 0.08484 | 0.01231 | 0.04226 | 7.002 | 0.4479 | 0.7697 | 0.7208 |
3 | 36.6 | 46 | 9.405 | 0.7184 | 41.26 | 0.8337 | 0.1153 | 0.0316 | 0.02131 | 9.411 | 0.7901 | 0.7249 | 0.7581 |
4 | 49.65 | 57.38 | 7.728 | 0.7438 | 53.56 | 0.8246 | 0.08079 | 0.02252 | 0.02102 | 7.876 | 0.438 | 0.7563 | 0.7637 |
5 | 59.89 | 69.77 | 9.878 | 0.7227 | 63.97 | 0.8039 | 0.08119 | 0.01741 | 0.01763 | 9.234 | 0.5616 | 0.7596 | 0.7184 |
6 | 72.56 | 84.11 | 11.55 | 0.7069 | 77.04 | 0.7975 | 0.0906 | 0.02542 | 0.01493 | 10.56 | 0.6589 | 0.7171 | 0.733 |
7 | 86 | 94.3 | 8.3 | 0.701 | 90.26 | 0.8121 | 0.1111 | 0.02122 | 0.03094 | 8.354 | 0.6427 | 0.7359 | 0.7106 |
8 | 97.41 | 105.2 | 7.776 | 0.6941 | 102.1 | 0.8428 | 0.1487 | 0.02885 | 0.04959 | 7.722 | 0.7812 | 0.7167 | 0.7309 |
9 | 108.1 | 117.4 | 9.345 | 0.6692 | 113.2 | 0.8055 | 0.1363 | 0.02137 | 0.04906 | 8.29 | 0.9292 | 0.7234 | 0.6694 |
10 | 119.7 | 129.4 | 9.732 | 0.6548 | 126.1 | 0.8275 | 0.1727 | 0.02239 | 0.0459 | 8.826 | 0.9689 | 0.6738 | 0.7048 |
11 | 132.3 | 144 | 11.73 | 0.7202 | 137.4 | 0.8444 | 0.1243 | 0.03738 | 0.01137 | 10.41 | 1.043 | 0.7082 | 0.7818 |
12 | 146.9 | 154.2 | 7.284 | 0.7394 | 150.4 | 0.8503 | 0.111 | 0.02247 | 0.03217 | 7.939 | 0.5453 | 0.783 | 0.7401 |
13 | 157.4 | 164.9 | 7.516 | 0.7331 | 161.3 | 0.8385 | 0.1054 | 0.03491 | 0.02762 | 7.17 | 0.5718 | 0.7378 | 0.7706 |
14 | 169.2 | 178.5 | 9.321 | 0.7749 | 173.6 | 0.8965 | 0.1216 | 0.0348 | 0.02082 | 9.346 | 0.8217 | 0.7822 | 0.8163 |
15 | 181.6 | 190.5 | 8.946 | 0.8042 | 186.1 | 0.8529 | 0.04878 | 0.01479 | 0.01081 | 9.162 | 0.3164 | 0.8076 | 0.8202 |
16 | 193.8 | 201.7 | 7.847 | 0.8168 | 198.1 | 0.8744 | 0.05757 | 0.01329 | 0.01511 | 8.472 | 0.3035 | 0.8245 | 0.8322 |
17 | 205.6 | 213.2 | 7.618 | 0.8043 | 209.8 | 0.8898 | 0.08543 | 0.01478 | 0.03051 | 8.493 | 0.4493 | 0.8352 | 0.8076 |
18 | 215.2 | 224.5 | 9.297 | 0.7786 | 220.8 | 0.8359 | 0.05734 | 0.007241 | 0.01802 | 8.956 | 0.3909 | 0.7968 | 0.7833 |
19 | 227.8 | 238.2 | 10.41 | 0.7684 | 235 | 0.8755 | 0.1071 | 0.03052 | 0.03727 | 10.58 | 0.5864 | 0.7912 | 0.7884 |
20 | 242.6 | 249.4 | 6.795 | 0.7457 | 246.2 | 0.9123 | 0.1666 | 0.03448 | 0.05107 | 7.449 | 0.7378 | 0.7958 | 0.7623 |
21 | 251.6 | 261.5 | 9.971 | 0.7633 | 254.9 | 0.8783 | 0.115 | 0.03907 | 0.008088 | 9.942 | 0.7833 | 0.7555 | 0.817 |
Response Variable | Explanatory Variable Pearson Correlation Coefficient r | Adjusted R2 |
---|---|---|
Season (year) | Length of season −0.91 | 0.818 |
Season (year) | Seasonal amplitude −0.78 | 0.597 |
Season (year) | Rate of senescence −0.9 | 0.793 |
Season (year) | Peak photosynthetic activity 0.7 | 0.462 |
Season (year) | Seasonal productivity −0.88 | 0.775 |
Length of season | Period of peak −0.91 photosynthetic activity | 0.812 |
Length of season | Rate of senescence −0.9 | 0.721 |
Growth rate | Seasonal amplitude 0.87 | 0.755 |
Seasonal productivity | Rate of senescence 0.89 | 0.771 |
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Chamberlain, D.A.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P. Mangrove Forest Cover and Phenology with Landsat Dense Time Series in Central Queensland, Australia. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13153032
Chamberlain DA, Phinn SR, Possingham HP. Mangrove Forest Cover and Phenology with Landsat Dense Time Series in Central Queensland, Australia. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(15):3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13153032
Chicago/Turabian StyleChamberlain, Debbie A., Stuart R. Phinn, and Hugh P. Possingham. 2021. "Mangrove Forest Cover and Phenology with Landsat Dense Time Series in Central Queensland, Australia" Remote Sensing 13, no. 15: 3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13153032