The Variability of Summer Atmospheric Water Cycle over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Response to the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1. Data and Study Area
2.2. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. The WVT and Atmospheric Water Cycle on the TP
3.1.1. Temporal and Spatial Changes in Atmospheric Water Cycle Elements on the TP
3.1.2. The Variability of PRR over the TP
3.1.3. The Relationship between WVT and the TPSM on the TP
3.2. The Spatiotemporal Changes in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool
3.2.1. Spatiotemporal Changes in SST and SLHF in the IPWP
3.2.2. Spatiotemporal Changes in the OLR in the TP and IPWP
3.3. The Relationship between the Summer WVT of the TP and the Climate Index and the IPWP
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Vörösmarty, C.J.; Green, P.; Salisbury, J.; Lammers, R.B. Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth. Science 2000, 289, 284–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yao, T.; Wu, G.; Xu, B.; Wang, W.; Gao, J.; An, B. Asian Water Tower Change and Its Impacts. Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci. 2019, 34, 1203–1209. [Google Scholar]
- Immerzeel, W.W.; Van Beek, L.P.H.; Bierkens, M.F.P. Climate change will affect the Asian Water Towers. Science 2010, 328, 1382–1385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seager, R.; Naik, N.; Vecchi, G. Thermodynamic and Dynamic Mechanisms for Large-Scale Changes in the Hydrological Cycle in Response to Global Warming. J. Clim. 2010, 23, 4651–4668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, K.; Ye, B.; Zhou, D.; Wu, B.; Foken, T.; Qin, J.; Zhou, Z. Response of hydrological cycle to recent climate changes in the Tibetan Plateau. Clim. Chang. 2011, 109, 517–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Lu, M.; Yang, H.; Duan, A.; He, B.; Yang, S.; Wu, G. Land–atmosphere–ocean coupling associated with the Tibetan Plateau and its climate impacts. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2020, 7, 534–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, G.; Yao, T.; **, W. Spatial and Temporal Variations of Large-scale Atmospheric Moisture Sinks over Southern China in Spring. Adv. Clim. Chang. Res. 2007, 2, 74–79. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, X.; Ting, M. A Dipole Pattern of Summertime Rainfall across the Indian Subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. J. Clim. 2017, 30, 9607–9620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Duan, A.; Yang, S. Potential regulation on the climatic effect of Tibetan Plateau heating by tropical air-sea coupling in regional models. Clim. Dyn. 2018, 52, 1685–1694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Area | PRR | Methods | Period | Data | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TP | 18% | Water Accounting Model (WAM) | 1979–2013 | ERA-Interim and NCEP 1 | [18] |
TP | 21% | Bulk model | 1979–2012 | ERA-Interim | [20] |
TP | 23% | Bulk model | 1979–2018 | ERA5 | [29] |
Southeastern TP | 35% | QuasiIsentropic Back-Trajectory Method (QIBT) | 1982–2005 | ERA-Interim | [39] |
Northern TP | 20–24% | Bulk model | 1960–2010 | NCEP 1 | [20] |
Northern TP | 26% | Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) 5.1 tagging | 1982–2014 | MERRA | [40] |
Northern TP | 15–25% | Isotopic mixing model | July 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2014; July to September 1998 | Station Data | [25,41] |
Central TP | 14–32% | Isotopic mixing model | July to September, 1996–1997 | Station Data | [32] |
Endorheic TP | 17–22% | WAM-2 | 1979–2015 | ERA-Interim, MERRA-2, and JRA-55 | [25] |
Cor | Qin | Qout | Qnet | Pre | Evp | PRR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qin | 1 | |||||
Qout | 0.87 * | 1 | ||||
Qnet | 0.52 * | 0.03 | 1 | |||
Pre | 0.45 * | 0.03 | 0.94 * | 1 | ||
Evp | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 1 | |
PRR | −0.90 * | 0.82 * | −0.40 * | −0.26 | 0.62 * | 1 |
WVB | Year |
---|---|
Strong years | 1958, 1962, 1963, 1974, 1980, 1987, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2017, 2018 |
Weak years | 1961, 1967, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2006, 2009, 2013, 2015 |
Basins | Climatology | Strong Years | Weak Years |
---|---|---|---|
TP | 17.88 | 17.05 | 18.62 |
Indus | 11.86 | 11.16 | 12.47 |
Qiangtang | 11.04 | 10.99 | 10.43 |
Yellow | 9.47 | 9.97 | 8.92 |
AmuDarya | 9.35 | 9.24 | 9.48 |
Yangtze | 8.78 | 8.31 | 9.19 |
Yalung Zangbo | 7.09 | 6.22 | 8.09 |
Qaidam | 5.63 | 6.30 | 4.78 |
Tarim | 5.27 | 5.73 | 4.83 |
Hexi Corridor | 5.24 | 5.92 | 4.53 |
Ganges | 4.22 | 4.17 | 4.25 |
Nu Jiang | 3.50 | 3.00 | 4.13 |
Lancang | 3.42 | 2.97 | 3.99 |
Irrawaddy | 1.74 | 1.46 | 2.17 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Meng, D.; Song, W.; Dong, Q.; Yin, Z.; Zhao, W. The Variability of Summer Atmospheric Water Cycle over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Response to the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4676. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224676
Meng D, Song W, Dong Q, Yin Z, Zhao W. The Variability of Summer Atmospheric Water Cycle over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Response to the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(22):4676. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224676
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeng, Deli, Wanjiao Song, Qing Dong, Zi Yin, and Wenbo Zhao. 2021. "The Variability of Summer Atmospheric Water Cycle over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Response to the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool" Remote Sensing 13, no. 22: 4676. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224676