The Temporal Variation of Optical Depth in the Candidate Landing Area of China’s Mars Mission (Tianwen-1)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Description of Dataset
2.2. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, H.Q.; Richardson, M.I. The origin, evolution, and trajectory of large dust storms on Mars during Mars years 24–30 (1999–2011). Icarus 2015, 251, 112–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Metzger, S.M.; Carr, J.R.; Johnson, J.R.; Parker, T.J.; Lemmon, M.T. Dust devil vortices seen by the Mars Pathfinder Camera. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26, 2781–2784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Towner, M.C. Characteristics of large Martian dust devils using Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System visual and infrared images. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Landis, G.A. Dust obscuration of Mars solar arrays. Acta Astronaut. 1996, 38, 885–891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navarro, T.; Forget, F.; Millour, E.; Greybush, S.J.; Kalnay, E.; Miyoshi, T. The Challenge of Atmospheric Data Assimilation on Mars. Earth Space Sci. 2017, 4, 690–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Greybush, S.J.; Wilson, R.J.; Hoffman, R.N.; Hoffman, M.J.; Miyoshi, T.; Ide, K.; McConnochie, T.; Kalnay, E. Ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation of Thermal Emission Spectrometer temperature retrievals into a Mars GCM. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomasko, M.G.; Doose, L.R.; Lemmon, M.T.; Smith, P.H.; Wegryn, E. Properties of dust in the Martian atmosphere from the Imager on Mars Pathfinder. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 1999, 104, 8987–9007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whelley, P.L.; Greeley, R. The distribution of dust devil activity on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, M.D. Interannual variability in TES atmospheric observations of Mars during 1999–2003. Icarus 2004, 167, 148–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vincendon, M.; Langevin, Y.; Poulet, F.; Pommerol, A.; Wolff, M.; Bibring, J.P.; Gondet, B.; Jouglet, D. Yearly and seasonal variations of low albedo surfaces on Mars in the OMEGA/MEx dataset: Constraints on aerosols properties and dust deposits. Icarus 2009, 200, 395–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smith, M.D. THEMIS observations of Mars aerosol optical depth from 2002–2008. Icarus 2009, 202, 444–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smith, M.D. THEMIS Observations of the 2018 Mars Global Dust Storm. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 2019, 124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoekzema, N.M.; Garcia-Comas, M.; Stenzel, O.J.; Petrova, E.V.; Thomas, N.; Markiewicz, W.J.; Gwinner, K.; Keller, H.U.; Delamere, W.A. Retrieving optical depth from shadows in orbiter images of Mars. Icarus 2011, 214, 447–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Montabone, L.; Forget, F.; Millour, E.; Wilson, R.J.; Lewis, S.R.; Cantor, B.; Kass, D.; Kleinbohl, A.; Lemmon, M.T.; Smith, M.D.; et al. Eight-year climatology of dust optical depth on Mars. Icarus 2015, 251, 65–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lemmon, M.T.; Wolff, M.J.; Smith, M.D.; Clancy, R.T.; Banfield, D.; Landis, G.A.; Ghosh, A.; Smith, P.H.; Spanovich, N.; Whitney, B.; et al. Atmospheric imaging results from the Mars exploration rovers: Spirit and Opportunity. Science 2004, 306, 1753–1756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemmon, M.T.; Wolff, M.J.; Bell, J.F.; Smith, M.D.; Cantor, B.A.; Smith, P.H. Dust aerosol, clouds, and the atmospheric optical depth record over 5 Mars years of the Mars Exploration Rover mission. Icarus 2015, 251, 96–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pollack, J.B.; Colburn, D.; Kahn, R.; Hunter, J.; Van Camp, W.; Carlston, C.E.; Wolf, M.R. Properties of aerosols in the Martian atmosphere, as inferred from Viking Lander imaging data. J. Geophys. Res. 1977, 82, 4479–4496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, P.H.; Lemmon, M. Opacity of the Martian atmosphere measured by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 1999, 104, 8975–8985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McEwen, A.S.; Eliason, E.M.; Bergstrom, J.W.; Bridges, N.T.; Hansen, C.J.; Delamere, W.A.; Grant, J.A.; Gulick, V.C.; Herkenhoff, K.E.; Keszthelyi, L.; et al. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Snyder, J.P. Map projections—A working manual. In U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, USA, 1987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arvidson, R.E.; Anderson, R.C.; Bartlett, P.; Bell, J.F.; Blaney, D.; Christensen, P.R.; Chu, P.; Crumpler, L.; Davis, K.; Ehlmann, B.L.; et al. Localization and physical properties experiments conducted by Spirit at Gusev crater. Science 2004, 305, 821–824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bell, J.F.; Squyres, S.W.; Herkenhoff, K.E.; Maki, J.N.; Arneson, H.M.; Brown, D.; Collins, S.A.; Dingizian, A.; Elliot, S.T.; Hagerott, E.C.; et al. Mars Exploration Rover Athena Panoramic Camera (Pancam) investigation. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 2003, 108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clancy, R.T.; Sandor, B.J.; Wolff, M.J.; Christensen, P.R.; Smith, M.D.; Pearl, J.C.; Conrath, B.J.; Wilson, R.J. An intercomparison of ground-based millimeter, MGS TES, and Viking atmospheric temperature measurements: Seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global Mars atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 2000, 105, 9553–9571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, P.J.; Sun, Z.Z.; Rao, W.; Meng, L.Z. Mission overview and key technologies of the first Mars probe of China. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 2017, 60, 649–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McEwen, A.S.; Soderblom, L.A.; Becker, T.L.; Lee, E.M.; Swann, J.D.; Aeschliman, R.; Batson, R.M. Global Color Views of Mars. In Proceedings of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX, USA, 14–18 March 1994; p. 871. [Google Scholar]
- McCleese, D.J.; Heavens, N.G.; Schofield, J.T.; Abdou, W.A.; Bandfield, J.L.; Calcutt, S.B.; Irwin, P.G.; Kass, D.M.; Kleinbohl, A.; Lewis, S.R.; et al. Structure and dynamics of the Martian lower and middle atmosphere as observed by the Mars Climate Sounder: Seasonal variations in zonal mean temperature, dust, and water ice aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2010, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, M.D.; Wolff, M.J.; Clancy, R.T.; Kleinbohl, A.; Murchie, S.L. Vertical distribution of dust and water ice aerosols from CRISM limb-geometry observations. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 2013, 118, 321–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Battalio, M.; Wang, H.Q. The Mars Dust Activity Database (MDAD): A comprehensive statistical study of dust storm sequences. Icarus 2021, 354, 114059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wan, W.X.; Wang, C.; Li, C.L.; Wei, Y. China’s first mission to Mars. Nat. Astron. 2020, 4, 721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.L.; Liu, J.J.; Geng, Y.; Cao, J.B.; Zhang, T.L.; Fang, G.Y.; Yang, J.F.; Shu, R.; Zou, Y.L.; Lin, Y.T.; et al. Scientific Objectives and Payload Configuration of China’s First Mars Exploration Mission. J. Deep Space Explor. 2018, 5, 406–413. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zou, Y.L.; Zhu, Y.; Bai, Y.F.; Wang, L.G.; Jia, Y.Z.; Shen, W.H.; Fan, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, C.; Zhang, A.B.; et al. Scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China’s first Mars exploration mission. Adv. Space Res. 2021, 67, 812–823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Study Area | Product ID | Observation Time | Martian Year (MY) | Solar Longitude (Ls) |
---|---|---|---|---|
The inspection area of the Spirit rover | PSP_006524_1650_RED | 2007-12-17 | 29 | 4.0 |
PSP_006735_1650_RED | 2008-01-03 | 29 | 12.0 | |
PSP_007737_1670_RED | 2008-03-21 | 29 | 48.0 | |
PSP_007816_1665_RED | 2008-03-27 | 29 | 50.7 | |
PSP_008317_1665_RED | 2008-05-05 | 29 | 67.8 | |
PSP_008528_1660_RED | 2008-05-21 | 29 | 75.0 | |
PSP_008963_1650_RED | 2008-06-24 | 29 | 89.9 | |
PSP_009174_1650_RED | 2008-07-11 | 29 | 97.1 | |
PSP_009319_1650_RED | 2008-07-22 | 29 | 102.2 | |
PSP_009385_1655_RED | 2008-07-27 | 29 | 104.5 | |
PSP_009741_1655_RED | 2008-08-24 | 29 | 117.2 | |
PSP_009886_1655_RED | 2008-09-04 | 29 | 122.5 | |
PSP_010097_1655_RED | 2008-09-21 | 29 | 130.3 | |
ESP_011587_1655_RED | 2009-01-15 | 29 | 191.8 | |
ESP_011943_1650_RED | 2009-02-12 | 29 | 208.3 | |
ESP_012787_1650_RED | 2009-04-18 | 29 | 249.4 | |
ESP_012932_1650_RED | 2009-04-30 | 29 | 256.6 | |
ESP_013499_1650_RED | 2009-06-13 | 29 | 284.3 | |
ESP_013855_1650_RED | 2009-07-11 | 29 | 301.2 | |
ESP_013921_1650_RED | 2009-07-16 | 29 | 304.2 | |
ESP_014277_1650_RED | 2009-08-12 | 29 | 320.3 | |
The study area (part of the candidate landing area of Tianwen-1) | PSP_005721_2090_RED | 2007-10-16 | 28 | 331.5 |
PSP_006776_2070_RED | 2008-01-06 | 29 | 13.6 | |
PSP_007422_2085_RED | 2008-02-25 | 29 | 37.0 | |
PSP_007501_2065_RED | 2008-03-02 | 29 | 39.7 | |
PSP_007791_2090_RED | 2008-03-25 | 29 | 49.8 | |
PSP_008503_2045_RED | 2008-05-20 | 29 | 74.1 | |
ESP_017852_2080_RED | 2010-05-18 | 30 | 92.4 | |
ESP_024656_2085_RED | 2011-10-30 | 31 | 22.7 | |
ESP_027557_2075_RED | 2012-06-12 | 31 | 123.9 | |
ESP_045359_2075_RED | 2016-03-30 | 33 | 130.2 | |
ESP_048049_2060_RED | 2016-10-26 | 33 | 249.2 | |
ESP_054800_2075_RED | 2018-04-05 | 34 | 154.5 | |
ESP_054866_2085_RED | 2018-04-10 | 34 | 157.2 | |
ESP_057649_2055_RED | 2018-11-13 | 34 | 287.5 | |
ESP_057728_2090_RED | 2018-11-19 | 34 | 291.3 | |
ESP_058137_2090_RED | 2018-12-21 | 34 | 310.3 | |
ESP_064163_2085_RED | 2020-04-04 | 35 | 177.5 | |
ESP_064229_2085_RED | 2020-04-09 | 35 | 180.4 | |
ESP_066049_2080_RED | 2020-08-29 | 35 | 267.3 |
Optical Cameras | The Main Technical Parameters | |
---|---|---|
HiRIC | Spectral bands | Panchromatic: 450–900 nm |
Color: blue 450–520 nm, green 520–600 nm, red 630–690 nm, near-infrared 760–900 nm | ||
Resolution (at 265 km orbit altitude) | Panchromatic: better than 2.5 m, better than 0.5 m in key areas | |
Color: better than 10 m, better than 2.0 m in key areas | ||
Imaging width | 9 km @ 265 km | |
MoRIC | Spectral range | visible spectrum (430–690 nm) |
Resolution | better than 100 m @ 400 km | |
Imaging width | 400 km @ 400 km orbit altitude |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tang, Z.; Liu, J.; Wang, X.; Ren, X.; Yan, W.; Chen, W. The Temporal Variation of Optical Depth in the Candidate Landing Area of China’s Mars Mission (Tianwen-1). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051029
Tang Z, Liu J, Wang X, Ren X, Yan W, Chen W. The Temporal Variation of Optical Depth in the Candidate Landing Area of China’s Mars Mission (Tianwen-1). Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(5):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051029
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Zhencheng, Jianjun Liu, **ng Wang, **n Ren, Wei Yan, and Wangli Chen. 2021. "The Temporal Variation of Optical Depth in the Candidate Landing Area of China’s Mars Mission (Tianwen-1)" Remote Sensing 13, no. 5: 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051029