Accuracy, Bias, and Improvements in Map** Crops and Cropland across the United States Using the USDA Cropland Data Layer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of Assessed and Reference Datasets
2.2. Investigating Effects of Aggregation: Superclass and Consolidated Class Accuracies
2.3. Calculating Nationwide Accuracies
2.4. Map** Spatial Patterns of CDL Accuracy and Confidence
2.5. Estimating Map Biases and Bias-Adjusted Crop Acreages
3. Results
3.1. Nationwide Accuracy of Specific CDL Classes
3.2. Consolidated Cropland and Non-Cropland Accuracies
3.3. Superclass Accuracies of Specific Crops and Land Covers
3.4. Spatial Patterns of CDL Accuracy, Confidence, and Certainty
3.5. Measured Biases and Adjusted Crop Area Estimates
4. Discussion
4.1. CDL Performance
4.2. Improvements over Time
4.3. Implications for Measuring LULC Change
4.4. Limitations, Representativeness, and Uncertainty of Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Cropland | Non-Cropland | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | Class Name | ID | Class Name | ID | Class Name | ID | Class Name |
1 | Corn | 48 | Watermelons | 216 | Peppers | 37 | Other Hay/Non Alfalfa |
2 | Cotton | 49 | Onions | 217 | Pomegranates | ||
3 | Rice | 50 | Cucumbers | 218 | Nectarines | 63 | Forest |
4 | Sorghum | 51 | Chickpeas | 219 | Greens | 64 | Shrubland |
5 | Soybeans | 52 | Lentils | 220 | Plums | 65 | Barren |
6 | Sunflower | 53 | Peas | 221 | Strawberries | 81 | Clouds/No Data |
10 | Peanuts | 54 | Tomatoes | 222 | Squash | 82 | Developed |
11 | Tobacco | 55 | Caneberries | 223 | Apricots | 83 | Water |
12 | Sweet Corn | 56 | Hops | 224 | Vetch | 87 | Wetlands |
13 | Pop or Orn Corn | 57 | Herbs | 225 | Dbl Crop WinWht/Corn | 88 | Nonag/Undefined |
14 | Mint | 58 | Clover/Wildflowers | 226 | Dbl Crop Oats/Corn | 92 | Aquaculture |
21 | Barley | 59 | Sod/Grass Seed | 227 | Lettuce | 111 | Open Water |
22 | Durum Wheat | 60 | Switchgrass | 229 | Pumpkins | 112 | Perennial Ice/Snow |
23 | Spring Wheat | 61 | Fallow/Idle | 230 | Dbl Crop Lettuce/Durum Wht | 121 | Developed/Open Space |
24 | Winter Wheat | 66 | Cherries | 231 | Dbl Crop Lettuce/Cantaloupe | 122 | Developed/Low Intensity |
25 | Other Small Grains | 67 | Peaches | 232 | Dbl Crop Lettuce/Cotton | 123 | Developed/Med Intensity |
26 | Dbl WinWht/Soy | 68 | Apples | 233 | Dbl Crop Lettuce/Barley | 124 | Developed/High Intensity |
27 | Rye | 69 | Grapes | 234 | Dbl Crop Durum Wht/Sorghum | 131 | Barren |
28 | Oats | 70 | Christmas Trees | 235 | Dbl Crop Barley/Sorghum | 141 | Deciduous Forest |
29 | Millet | 71 | Other Tree Crops | 236 | Dbl Crop WinWht/Sorghum | 142 | Evergreen Forest |
30 | Speltz | 72 | Citrus | 237 | Dbl Crop Barley/Corn | 143 | Mixed Forest |
31 | Canola | 74 | Pecans | 238 | Dbl Crop WinWht/Cotton | 152 | Shrubland |
32 | Flaxseed | 75 | Almonds | 239 | Dbl Crop Soybeans/Cotton | ||
33 | Safflower | 76 | Walnuts | 240 | Dbl Crop Soybeans/Oats | 176 | Grassland/Pasture |
34 | Rape Seed | 77 | Pears | 241 | Dbl Crop Corn/Soybeans | ||
35 | Mustard | 204 | Pistachios | 242 | Blueberries | 190 | Woody Wetlands |
36 | Alfalfa | 205 | Triticale | 243 | Cabbage | 195 | Herbaceous Wetlands |
38 | Camelina | 206 | Carrots | 244 | Cauliflower | ||
39 | Buckwheat | 207 | Asparagus | 245 | Celery | ||
41 | Sugarbeets | 208 | Garlic | 246 | Radishes | ||
42 | Dry Beans | 209 | Cantaloupes | 247 | Turnips | ||
43 | Potatoes | 210 | Prunes | 248 | Eggplants | ||
44 | Other Crops | 211 | Olives | 249 | Gourds | ||
45 | Sugarcane | 212 | Oranges | 250 | Cranberries | ||
46 | Sweet Potatoes | 213 | Honeydew Melons | 254 | Dbl Crop Barley/Soybeans | ||
47 | Misc Vegs and Fruits | 214 | Broccoli |
CDL ID | Crop Name | CDL Acreage | Producer’s Accuracy | User’s Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|---|
45 | Sugarcane | 1,026,752 | 96.52% | 94.44% |
3 | Rice | 2,671,894 | 95.54% | 97.01% |
1 | Corn | 94,983,301 | 95.23% | 94.82% |
5 | Soybeans | 69,810,086 | 93.82% | 93.85% |
41 | Sugarbeets | 1,238,159 | 93.67% | 94.18% |
31 | Canola | 1,700,926 | 93.51% | 95.64% |
24 | Winter Wheat | 34,784,199 | 92.18% | 92.38% |
2 | Cotton | 13,114,321 | 91.06% | 89.39% |
75 | Almonds | 1,155,344 | 91.04% | 91.56% |
250 | Cranberries | 36,040 | 91.02% | 95.23% |
23 | Spring Wheat | 12,303,171 | 89.47% | 86.89% |
212 | Oranges | 1,019,334 | 89.24% | 91.45% |
54 | Tomatoes | 353,534 | 89.24% | 89.60% |
51 | Chickpeas | 1838 | 89.19% | 84.44% |
43 | Potatoes | 1,083,450 | 88.98% | 92.66% |
69 | Grapes | 1,136,718 | 87.39% | 89.89% |
26 | Dbl Crop WinWht/Soybeans | 5,311,121 | 86.70% | 84.30% |
230 | Dbl Crop Lettuce/Durum Wht | 39,776 | 86.08% | 80.01% |
68 | Apples | 444,242 | 85.67% | 88.41% |
56 | Hops | 24,903 | 84.53% | 96.44% |
6 | Sunflower | 1,595,069 | 84.09% | 92.20% |
10 | Peanuts | 1,657,438 | 81.17% | 82.33% |
42 | Dry Beans | 1,743,309 | 79.97% | 85.66% |
204 | Pistachios | 201,944 | 78.50% | 85.69% |
46 | Sweet Potatoes | 84,332 | 77.54% | 87.22% |
4 | Sorghum | 6,262,444 | 77.43% | 82.91% |
77 | Pears | 28,048 | 77.36% | 80.67% |
36 | Alfalfa | 16,167,152 | 75.40% | 79.81% |
245 | Celery | 2460 | 74.95% | 93.43% |
76 | Walnuts | 341,480 | 74.80% | 79.49% |
52 | Lentils | 388,352 | 74.57% | 82.45% |
22 | Durum Wheat | 1,860,552 | 73.30% | 81.26% |
49 | Onions | 139,769 | 72.90% | 78.67% |
66 | Cherries | 199,450 | 72.70% | 78.60% |
211 | Olives | 45,218 | 72.58% | 90.34% |
21 | Barley | 2,852,300 | 72.41% | 83.14% |
247 | Turnips | 1990 | 72.37% | 79.65% |
53 | Peas | 774,135 | 72.14% | 83.45% |
208 | Garlic | 17,233 | 71.20% | 84.66% |
61 | Fallow/Idle Cropland | 24,395,076 | 69.29% | 78.96% |
32 | Flaxseed | 284,228 | 68.10% | 81.77% |
59 | Sod/Grass Seed | 797,216 | 68.00% | 82.93% |
57 | Herbs | 104,376 | 67.07% | 86.46% |
14 | Mint | 8429 | 67.00% | 77.65% |
50 | Cucumbers | 32,698 | 65.44% | 78.26% |
12 | Sweet Corn | 301,474 | 65.35% | 80.95% |
244 | Cauliflower | 1956 | 64.25% | 79.31% |
226 | Dbl Crop Oats/Corn | 109,775 | 63.82% | 62.71% |
234 | Dbl Crop Durum Wht/Sorghum | 4095 | 63.24% | 66.43% |
47 | Misc Vegs and Fruits | 47,159 | 62.89% | 78.30% |
225 | Dbl Crop WinWht/Corn | 402,067 | 61.81% | 69.33% |
71 | Other Tree Crops | 68,927 | 61.69% | 75.22% |
27 | Rye | 453,504 | 61.47% | 72.91% |
254 | Dbl Crop Barley/Soybeans | 113,764 | 61.24% | 78.16% |
72 | Citrus | 139,758 | 60.68% | 81.33% |
33 | Safflower | 148,336 | 59.74% | 80.07% |
11 | Tobacco | 112,733 | 59.62% | 79.97% |
232 | Dbl Crop Lettuce/Cotton | 7770 | 58.53% | 69.78% |
213 | Honeydew Melons | 6430 | 58.09% | 75.87% |
231 | Dbl Crop Lettuce/Cantaloupe | 3833 | 57.97% | 85.54% |
242 | Blueberries | 90,911 | 57.70% | 74.20% |
248 | Eggplants | 357 | 57.69% | 68.18% |
227 | Lettuce | 28,621 | 57.45% | 66.98% |
58 | Clover/Wildflowers | 146,851 | 57.21% | 70.80% |
209 | Cantaloupes | 18,325 | 57.00% | 72.44% |
217 | Pomegranates | 20,652 | 56.79% | 76.84% |
216 | Peppers | 19,796 | 55.46% | 67.81% |
207 | Asparagus | 19,258 | 54.93% | 78.11% |
74 | Pecans | 398,572 | 53.68% | 83.55% |
29 | Millet | 457,674 | 53.43% | 64.84% |
221 | Strawberries | 43,438 | 52.63% | 80.70% |
39 | Buckwheat | 22,586 | 52.11% | 78.32% |
246 | Radishes | 10,175 | 50.75% | 70.24% |
235 | Dbl Crop Barley/Sorghum | 12,071 | 49.65% | 50.19% |
67 | Peaches | 53,255 | 49.19% | 68.69% |
35 | Mustard | 32,734 | 48.15% | 78.68% |
241 | Dbl Crop Corn/Soybeans | 16,998 | 48.07% | 75.59% |
60 | Switchgrass | 10,684 | 47.62% | 56.33% |
220 | Plums | 53,436 | 46.92% | 65.53% |
55 | Caneberries | 11,633 | 46.19% | 85.35% |
206 | Carrots | 42,670 | 45.93% | 70.76% |
229 | Pumpkins | 23,094 | 43.87% | 72.29% |
70 | Christmas Trees | 65,800 | 43.65% | 75.04% |
243 | Cabbage | 18,368 | 43.03% | 59.38% |
38 | Camelina | 4977 | 42.94% | 69.91% |
214 | Broccoli | 11,202 | 41.89% | 63.04% |
28 | Oats | 1,285,192 | 41.18% | 62.21% |
238 | Dbl Crop WinWht/Cotton | 324,242 | 41.14% | 70.23% |
48 | Watermelons | 37,670 | 40.78% | 62.93% |
219 | Greens | 15,028 | 40.62% | 54.26% |
13 | Pop or Orn Corn | 120,463 | 40.33% | 91.15% |
223 | Apricots | 3760 | 39.37% | 71.61% |
222 | Squash | 20,832 | 37.05% | 61.87% |
237 | Dbl Crop Barley/Corn | 37,530 | 36.55% | 70.59% |
236 | Dbl Crop WinWht/Sorghum | 386,258 | 34.26% | 60.55% |
224 | Vetch | 4595 | 33.12% | 69.06% |
44 | Other Crops | 171,449 | 32.93% | 63.82% |
205 | Triticale | 156,684 | 32.74% | 67.26% |
218 | Nectarines | 2589 | 32.16% | 70.51% |
25 | Other Small Grains | 5008 | 28.18% | 73.07% |
34 | Rape Seed | 3211 | 23.92% | 58.74% |
239 | Dbl Crop Soybeans/Cotton | 7388 | 20.90% | 66.57% |
240 | Dbl Crop Soybeans/Oats | 17,928 | 19.50% | 62.42% |
30 | Speltz | 2811 | 16.32% | 60.80% |
249 | Gourds | 150 | 10.00% | 100.00% |
Cropland | Non-Cropland | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
State | Producer’s Accuracy | User’s Accuracy | Producer’s Accuracy | User’s Accuracy |
AL | 84% | 93% | 98% | 94% |
AR | 97% | 100% | 99% | 89% |
AZ | 91% | 97% | 99% | 95% |
CA | 96% | 98% | 99% | 93% |
CO | 93% | 98% | 98% | 90% |
CT_MA_ME_NH_RI_VT | 87% | 93% | 100% | 99% |
DE_MD_NJ | 93% | 94% | 98% | 96% |
FL | 89% | 95% | 98% | 92% |
GA | 86% | 91% | 98% | 93% |
IA | 97% | 99% | 95% | 77% |
ID | 93% | 96% | 99% | 95% |
IL | 98% | 97% | 92% | 95% |
IN | 98% | 97% | 94% | 96% |
KS | 97% | 99% | 99% | 95% |
KY | 92% | 99% | 97% | 84% |
LA | 95% | 98% | 98% | 90% |
MI | 96% | 95% | 95% | 90% |
MN | 98% | 98% | 97% | 93% |
MO | 98% | 96% | 97% | 98% |
MS | 94% | 98% | 98% | 92% |
MT | 91% | 95% | 99% | 98% |
NC | 91% | 95% | 97% | 93% |
ND | 95% | 98% | 97% | 90% |
NE | 97% | 100% | 95% | 67% |
NM | 88% | 98% | 99% | 87% |
NV | 88% | 96% | 100% | 99% |
NY | 86% | 88% | 98% | 95% |
OH | 96% | 97% | 96% | 95% |
OK | 97% | 100% | 96% | 62% |
OR | 93% | 97% | 98% | 93% |
PA | 83% | 82% | 98% | 96% |
SC | 86% | 92% | 98% | 94% |
SD | 95% | 97% | 98% | 97% |
TN | 95% | 99% | 98% | 90% |
TX | 92% | 100% | 96% | 56% |
UT | 90% | 98% | 99% | 94% |
VA_WV | 92% | 94% | 99% | 98% |
WA | 97% | 98% | 100% | 97% |
WI | 95% | 97% | 93% | 84% |
WY | 88% | 98% | 99% | 93% |
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Metric: | Reported For: | Measures Accuracy of Identifying: | Producer’s Example | User’s Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
Class Accuracy | Specific classes | Specific classes | The likelihood that actual corn is mapped as corn | The likelihood an area mapped as corn is actually corn |
Superclass Accuracy | Specific classes | An aggregated domain | The likelihood that actual corn is mapped as cropland | The likelihood an area mapped as corn is actually cropland |
Consolidated Class Accuracy | An aggregated domain | An aggregated domain | The likelihood that actual cropland is mapped as cropland | The likelihood an area mapped as cropland is actually cropland |
Average Class Accuracy | An aggregated domain | Specific classes | The likelihood that any crop is mapped as that specific crop | The likelihood that any mapped crop is actually that crop |
Class Name | ID | Producer Accuracy | Omission Error | User Accuracy | Commission Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corn | 1 | 95% | 5% | 95% | 5% |
Cotton | 2 | 91% | 9% | 89% | 11% |
Soybeans | 5 | 94% | 6% | 94% | 6% |
Spring Wheat | 23 | 89% | 11% | 87% | 13% |
Winter Wheat | 24 | 92% | 8% | 92% | 8% |
Alfalfa | 36 | 75% | 25% | 80% | 20% |
Other Hay/No Alfalfa | 37 | 57% | 43% | 57% | 43% |
Fallow/Idle Cropland | 61 | 69% | 31% | 79% | 21% |
Open Water | 111 | 90% | 10% | 81% | 19% |
Developed/Open Space | 121 | 89% | 11% | 61% | 39% |
Developed/Low Intensity | 122 | 83% | 17% | 74% | 26% |
Developed/Med Intensity | 123 | 84% | 16% | 81% | 19% |
Barren | 131 | 74% | 26% | 75% | 25% |
Deciduous Forest | 141 | 88% | 12% | 75% | 25% |
Evergreen Forest | 142 | 87% | 13% | 73% | 27% |
Mixed Forest | 143 | 44% | 56% | 51% | 49% |
Shrubland | 152 | 87% | 13% | 71% | 29% |
Grassland/Pasture | 176 | 79% | 21% | 50% | 50% |
Woody Wetlands | 190 | 70% | 30% | 63% | 37% |
Herbaceous Wetlands | 195 | 61% | 39% | 47% | 53% |
Average of All Crops | N/A | 88.7% | 11.3% | 90.3% | 9.7% |
Average of All Non-Crops | N/A | 82.4 % | 17.6% | 69.4% | 30.6% |
Metric | Type | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Crop Accuracy | Prod: | 88% | 89% | 89% | 89% | 89% | 89% | 90% | 90% | 92% |
User: | 90% | 90% | 91% | 91% | 90% | 91% | 92% | 91% | 92% | |
Average Non-Crop Accuracy | Prod: | 82% | 82% | 81% | 82% | 82% | 82% | 81% | 85% | 85% |
User: | 63% | 64% | 65% | 61% | 69% | 67% | 69% | 82% | 82% | |
Consolidated Cropland Accuracy | Prod: | 95% | 95% | 95% | 95% | 95% | 96% | 96% | 96% | 98% |
User: | 98% | 98% | 97% | 98% | 97% | 99% | 99% | 98% | 99% | |
Consolidated Non-Cropland Accuracy | Prod: | 97% | 97% | 98% | 98% | 98% | 98% | 97% | 99% | 99% |
User: | 84% | 85% | 89% | 82% | 89% | 87% | 89% | 98% | 98% |
CDL ID | Crop Class | CDL Acreage | Superclass Accuracy | % of Errors within Domain | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Producer’s | User’s | Omission Errors | Commission Errors | |||
1 | Corn | 94,983,301 | 98% | 99% | 57% | 73% |
2 | Cotton | 13,114,321 | 98% | 100% | 77% | 96% |
3 | Rice | 2,671,894 | 99% | 100% | 84% | 95% |
4 | Sorghum | 6,262,444 | 96% | 99% | 81% | 95% |
5 | Soybeans | 69,810,086 | 98% | 99% | 65% | 76% |
6 | Sunflower | 1,595,069 | 94% | 99% | 52% | 79% |
10 | Peanuts | 1,657,438 | 98% | 99% | 88% | 93% |
21 | Barley | 2,852,300 | 94% | 99% | 78% | 92% |
22 | Durum Wheat | 1,860,552 | 98% | 99% | 92% | 97% |
23 | Spring Wheat | 12,303,171 | 96% | 99% | 64% | 92% |
24 | Winter Wheat | 34,784,199 | 97% | 99% | 55% | 88% |
26 | Dbl WinWht/Soybeans | 5,311,121 | 97% | 98% | 73% | 87% |
28 | Oats | 1,285,192 | 81% | 93% | 67% | 84% |
31 | Canola | 1,700,926 | 97% | 99% | 53% | 86% |
36 | Alfalfa | 16,167,152 | 80% | 86% | 27% | 40% |
41 | Sugarbeets | 1,238,159 | 99% | 100% | 77% | 94% |
42 | Dry Beans | 1,743,309 | 97% | 99% | 84% | 94% |
61 | Fallow/Idle Cropland | 24,395,076 | 80% | 92% | 35% | 67% |
69 | Grapes | 1,136,718 | 96% | 98% | 69% | 82% |
75 | Almonds | 1,155,344 | 98% | 99% | 78% | 94% |
CDL ID | Land Cover Class | CDL Acreage | Superclass Accuracy | % of Errors within Domain | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Producer’s | User’s | Omission Errors | Commission Errors | |||
37 | Other Hay/Non Alfalfa | 23,881,755 | 89% | 86% | 68% | 62% |
92 | Aquaculture | 203,750 | 87% | 84% | 58% | 17% |
111 | Open Water | 32,373,788 | 99% | 95% | 89% | 76% |
112 | Perennial Ice/Snow | 427,601 | 100% | 99% | 100% | 97% |
121 | Developed/Open Space | 64,041,431 | 97% | 75% | 72% | 41% |
122 | Developed/Low Intensity | 28,380,971 | 99% | 91% | 96% | 69% |
123 | Developed/Med Intensity | 11,279,299 | 100% | 96% | 98% | 81% |
124 | Developed/High Intensity | 3,900,690 | 100% | 98% | 99% | 87% |
131 | Barren | 20,800,191 | 99% | 96% | 96% | 87% |
141 | Deciduous Forest | 239,843,277 | 100% | 97% | 94% | 89% |
142 | Evergreen Forest | 249,399,532 | 100% | 99% | 99% | 96% |
143 | Mixed Forest | 29,952,005 | 100% | 99% | 100% | 98% |
152 | Shrubland | 429,532,225 | 99% | 89% | 89% | 64% |
176 | Grassland/Pasture | 383,816,367 | 93% | 68% | 66% | 37% |
190 | Woody Wetlands | 75,447,681 | 99% | 93% | 97% | 83% |
195 | Herbaceous Wetlands | 23,005,862 | 94% | 86% | 88% | 75% |
Crop Name | CDL Area | CDL Bias | Bias-Adjusted Acreage | NASS Planted Area | NASS Harvested Area | NASS Ave |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corn | 94,983,301 | 0.43% | 94,572,035 | 96,405,000 | 88,851,000 | 92,628,000 |
Soybeans | 69,810,086 | −0.03% | 69,829,899 | 76,080,000 | 75,315,000 | 75,697,500 |
Winter Wheat | 34,784,199 | −0.22% | 34,860,122 | 41,819,000 | 35,023,000 | 38,421,000 |
Fallow/Idle Cropland | 24,395,076 | −12.24% | 27,382,251 | * 14,145,567 | ** 36,382,032 | n/a |
Alfalfa | 16,167,152 | −5.52% | 17,059,748 | 19,213,000 | 18,827,000 | 19,020,000 |
Cotton | 13,114,321 | 1.88% | 12,868,014 | 12,635,000 | 10,443,400 | 11,539,200 |
Spring Wheat | 12,303,171 | 2.97% | 11,937,985 | 11,995,000 | 11,681,000 | 11,838,000 |
Sorghum | 6,262,444 | −6.60% | 6,675,868 | 6,210,000 | 5,238,000 | 5,724,000 |
Dbl WinWht/Soybeans | 5,311,121 | 2.85% | 5,159,595 | *** | *** | *** |
Barley | 2,852,300 | −12.90% | 3,220,316 | 3,678,000 | 3,268,000 | 3,473,000 |
Rice | 2,671,894 | −1.51% | 2,712,326 | 2,661,000 | 2,640,000 | 2,650,500 |
Durum Wheat | 1,860,552 | −9.80% | 2,042,794 | 2,203,000 | 2,122,000 | 2,162,500 |
Dry Beans | 1,743,309 | −6.65% | 1,859,213 | 1,632,700 | 1,573,600 | 1,603,150 |
Canola | 1,700,926 | −2.23% | 1,738,835 | 1,631,500 | 1,593,100 | 1,612,300 |
Peanuts | 1,657,438 | −1.42% | 1,680,900 | 1,526,000 | 1,486,000 | 1,506,000 |
Sunflower | 1,595,069 | −8.79% | 1,735,327 | 1,804,500 | 1,735,400 | 1,769,950 |
Oats | 1,285,192 | −33.81% | 1,719,707 | 2,746,000 | 1,091,000 | 1,918,500 |
Sugarbeets | 1,238,159 | −0.55% | 1,244,915 | 1,244,100 | 1,215,900 | 1,230,000 |
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Lark, T.J.; Schelly, I.H.; Gibbs, H.K. Accuracy, Bias, and Improvements in Map** Crops and Cropland across the United States Using the USDA Cropland Data Layer. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050968
Lark TJ, Schelly IH, Gibbs HK. Accuracy, Bias, and Improvements in Map** Crops and Cropland across the United States Using the USDA Cropland Data Layer. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(5):968. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050968
Chicago/Turabian StyleLark, Tyler J., Ian H. Schelly, and Holly K. Gibbs. 2021. "Accuracy, Bias, and Improvements in Map** Crops and Cropland across the United States Using the USDA Cropland Data Layer" Remote Sensing 13, no. 5: 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050968